week 4 quiz

while there is some evidence to suggest that supplementation increases water retention, primarily attributed to increases in intracellular volume, over the short term, there are several other studies suggesting it does not alter total body water (intra or extracellular) relative to muscle mass over longer periods of time. As a result, creatine supplementation may not lead to water retention.

In summary, because creatine has a completely different chemical structure, it is not an anabolic steroid.

In summary, experimental and controlled research indicates that creatine supplementation, when ingested at recommended dosages, does not result in kidney damage and/or renal dysfunction in healthy individuals.

In summary, experimental and clinical research does not validate the notion that creatine supplementation causes dehydration and muscle cramping.

In summary, based on the limited evidence, creat- ine supplementation appears safe and potentially beneficial for children and adolescents.

In summary, creatine supplementation does not increase fat mass across a variety of populations.

In summary, there is a variety of athletic events, not just resistance/power activities, which may benefit from creatine supplementation.

In summary, there is accumulating evidence that creatine supplementation has the potential to be a multifactorial therapeutic intervention across the lifespan in females, with little to no side effects.

In summary, while some forms of creatine may be more soluble than creatine monohydrate when mixed in fluid, evidence-based research clearly shows creatine monohydrate to be the optimal choice.

In summary, there is growing body of evidence showing that creatine supplementation, particularly when combined with exercise, provides musculoskel- etal and performance benefits in older adults.

In summary, accumulating evidence indicates that you do not have to ‘load’ creatine. Lower, daily dosages of creatine supplementation (i.e.3-5 g/day) are effective for increasing intra- muscular creatine stores, muscle accretion and muscle performanceecovery.

sacroplasm

energy investment and energy generation

steps 1-4 cost 2 ATP if starting with glucose cost 1 if starting with glycogen why? because we enter in the second step and it is step 1 and 3 that need ATP

liver muscles

4-10 go from 1 6 carbon molecule to two 3 carbon molecules products are 2NADH and 4ATP

happened outside the mito we have lactic acid pathway

in sketeal muscle done more at the start if exercising when we don’t get a lot of oxygen yet hydrogen is added to pyruvic acid to form lactic acid and NADH can go to NAD

between the muscle and the liver and get rid of lactate in thr muscle turn it into pyruvate then to glucose

hexokinase go from glucose to glucose-6-phosphate
require in the INPUT of ATP

phosphoglucose isomerase
go from glucose-6 phosphate to fructose6 phosphate
if have glycogen then enter here

requires the INPUT of ATP
phosphofructokinase
go from fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6 bisphosph
RATE DETERINIMING STEP

aldolase
go from fructose 1,6 to 2 molecule GAP
end of engery investment stage

start of the engery gaining stage
GAPDH
go from GAP 1,3 bishoglycerate

PGK
go from 1, 3 bi to 3 phosphoglycerate
get ATP from this

phosphoglycerate mutase
go from 3 phosphoglycerate to 2 phosphoglycerate

enolase
go from 2 phophoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate

get ATP from this step
go from phosphoenolypurvate to pyrvate

primary function is to remove H
seen in the formation of NADH and FADH
make GTP also which turn into ATP
make 4NADH
1 ATP
1 FADH2
and does this twice becasue had 2 pyruvate

pyrvatue gets turned into acetly Coa
get NADH from this

Cirtae synthase
acteyl coa gets turned into cirate

aconitase
cirate get turned into isocirate

isocirtaedehydgronase
wher we get 1 NADH
iso to alpha keto

where we get second NADH
alpha dehydrogenase
go from aplha to succinylcoa

succinyl coa synthase
go from succinyl coa to succinate

where we get out ATP from step 6 get GTP which then turns into ATP

where we get FADH
succiante dehydrogenase
go from succinate to fumarate

fumarase
go from fumarate to malate

where we get our 4th NADH from
malate dehydrogense
go from malate to oxaloacetate

cirate synthase turn oxaloacetate into cirate