1What are the two main parts of the digestive system?
Alimentary canal (GI tracts)
Accessory digestive organs
2Singular form of haustra?
haustrum
3What makes up the alimentary canal (GI tract)?
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
4What are haustra of the colon?
small pouches within the colon
5What makes up the Acessory digestive organs?
Tongue and Teeth
Salivary glands
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas
6What are the components of the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
7What are the three types of salivary glands?
Parotid gland
Sublingual gland
Submandibular gland
8What is ingestion?
putting food into mouth
9Term for moving food through alimentary canal includes swallowing and peristalsis
Propulsion
10What is propulsion?
moving food through the alimentary canal, includes swallowing and peristalsis
11What is mechanical breakdown?
physcial process of preparing food for digestion (includes chewing, churning, and segmentation)
12What is digestion?
series of steps where complex food molecues are broken down to their simple building blocks by enzymes!
13Describe absorption
passage of digested end products from lumen of GI tract through mucosa cells into blood or lymph
14What is defecation?
ellimination of indigestible substances form the body via anus as feces
15What is peristalsis?
wavelike contraction of GI tract segments (moving contents forward)
16What is segmentation?
periodic contraction of GI tract segments without moving contents (mixing occurs)
17what wavelike contraction moves contents forward in the GI tract?
peristalsis
18What periodic contraction mixes content without moving it?
segmentation
19What are the components of the large intestine?
cecum and appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal
20Med term for serous membrane of the abdominal cavity
peritoneum
21What lines the body wall of the abdominopelvic cavity?
parietal periotoneum
22What covers the external surface of most of the digestive organs?
visceral peritoneum
23What is the retroperiotoneal? What organs are considered this?
refers to the position of organ that are posterior to periotoneum (dudodenum. pancreas, ascending colon, descending colon)
24What does intraperitoneal mean? What organs are intraperitoneal...
refers to position of organs that are surronded by peritoneum: stomach, liver, small intestines, transverse colon, sigmoid colon
25What anchors colon to posterior body wall?
mesocolon (dorsal messentery)
26What drapes inferiorly from stomach and covers small intestines like an apron (adheres to perforation and infections)?
greater omentum
27What attatches stomach to the liver?
(ventral messentery) lesser omentum
28What does the falciform ligament do? What type of messentery is it considered?
is a ventral messentery that binds anterior part of liver to anterior abdominal wall
29What does the greater momentum cover?
drapes inferiorly from stomach and covers small intestines like an apron (adheres to perforations and infections)
30What does the lesser omentum do? What is it aka?
attatches stomach to liver, (ventral messentery)
31What do blood vessels in the messentery circulation supply?
blood vessels serving and draining the digestive system
32What two main blood vessels belong to the celiac trunk?
superior messenteric artery
inferior messenteric artery
33What blood vessels contained in Hepatic portal vein?
*gastric veins
*splenic vein
*inferior messenteric vein
*superior messenteric vein
34What are the four layers of the alimentary canal?
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa
35What is the mucosa of the alimentary canal do?
innermost epithelial membrane that lines the entire lumen of the digestive tract
36What are the three sublayers of the mucosa?
*Epithelium
*Lamina propria
*Muscularis mucosae
37What is the purpose of the submucosa?
connective tissue containing blood and lympathic vessels and nerve fibers
38What is the purpose of the muscularis externa?
smooth muscle responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
39What is the purpose of the serosa?
protective outer layer of intraperitoneal organs (visceral peritoneum)
40What is the serosa sometimes replaced by?
fibrous adventitia
41What two nerve plexuses run through the alimentary canal?
Myenteric nerve plexus
Submucosal nerve plexus
42What layers of the alimentary canal contains glands?
Submucosa and Mucosa
43What is found in the mesentery?
nerve, artery, vein, lymphatic vessel
44What does "enteric" relate to?
instestines
45What type of neurons made up the nerve supply of the alimentary canal? What do they do?
enteric neurons, regulate digestive activity
46What does the submucosal nerve (Meissner) plexus regulate?
regulates glands and muscle in mucosa
47What does the myenteric nerve (Auerbach) plexus regulate?
control GI segmentation and peristalsis
48The sympathetic NS _____ digestive activites?
inhibits
49The parasympathetic NS ____ digestive activites?
stimulates
50Describe structure of smooth muscle? innervation auto?
*spindle shaped
*uninucleated
*no: myofibrils. t-tubules, striations, autonomic
51The end of smooth muscle fibers have ____ which store and release neurotransmitters into ____ junctions.
varicosities, diffuse
52What are varicosities?
end of nerve fibers which store and release neurotransmitters into diffuse junctions
53Wide synaptic clefts are aka?
diffuse junctions
54How are thick and thin filaments arranged in smooth muscle? What way do they muscle fibers contract
arranged spirally, cause the muscle fiber to contract in a "corkskrew" manner
55Smooth muscle cells contain bundles of ___ ___ which are anchored to sarcolemma via dense bodies
intermediate filaments
56What anchors intermediate filaments in smooth muscle to sarcolemma (plasma membrane)?
dense bodies
57Desribe the nature of smooth muscle contractions?
slow and synchronized contractions
58Smooth muscle contracts due to electrical coupling by ____ junctions.
gap junctions
59How does actin and myosin interact in smooth muscle?
by the sliding filament mechanism
60What triggers contraction in smoooth muscle? What energizes it?
increase of intracellular Ca2+, ATP energizes it
61What are the two types of smooth muscel contraction?
Single-unit innervation
Multi Unit innervation
62What is the most common type of smooth muscle innervation? Describe how it works. (innervated by, contracts in what way, junctions found)?
Single-Unit innervation
*innervated by varicosities of autonomic nerves
*contracts rhythmically as a unit (electrically coupled by gap junctions)
63WHere is smooth muscle innervated in a "multi-unit" fashion?
large airways, large arteries, arrector pilli, iris
64In the "multi-unit" innervation model of smooth muscle contraction...muscle fibers are _______ innervated and are capable of more ____ contractions.
individually innervated and more controlled contractions
65What model of contraction for smooth muscle involves varicosities?
Single Unit Innervation
66What are intrinsic (minor) salivary glands? What do they secrete and why?
*small glands scattered throughout oral cavity
*secretes saliva at a constant rate, just enough to keep mouth moistened
67What are extrinsic (major) salivary glands?
*three pairs of salivary glands that are conneceted to the oral cavity by ducts
*make the majority of the saliva
68What are the names of the 3 extrinsic (major) salivary glands?
*Parotid gland
*Sublingual gland
*Submandibular gland
69What extrinsic salivary gland is located in front (anterior to) the ears?
Parotid gland
70What three ducts make up the extrinsic salivary gland system?
*Paratoid duct
*Submandibular duct
*Sublingual duct
71What duct openings can be viewed when the tongue is lifted up?
*submandibular duct opening (center)
*sublingual duct opening (around)
72What kind of saliva do serous cells release? What stimulates them?
*they release thin, enzyme rich saliva (stimulated by the parasympathetic fibers) rest and digest
73What kind of saliva do mucous cells release? What stimulates them?
*they release thick mucus rich saliva (stimulated by sympathetic fibers, fight or flight)
74What are baby teeth called? How many do we have by age 2?
*Deciduous (baby teeth)
*20
75How many permanent teeth to adults have?
32
76What ligament anchors the tooth into the body socket?
periodontal ligament
77What type of socket contains teeth?
gomphosis joint (fibrous joint)
78What are the three main regions of a tooth?
*Crown
*Neck
*Root
79What are the three components of a tooth crown?
*enamel
*dentin
*pulp cavity
80Med term for gums in mouth?
gingiva
81What four types of teeth are found in the mouth?
*Incisors
*Canine
*Premolars (first and second)
*Molars
*Wisdom Teeth
82What is med term for tooth cavity?
*Dental caries
83What causes Dental Caries?
*demineralization of enamel and dentin from bacterial action
84Med term for inflammation of gums?
gingivitis
85Med term for inflammation of gums and bone recession?
Periodontitis
86What cell(s) and gland(s) make up the oropharynx and laryngopharynx mucosa?
*stratified squamous epithelium with mucus producing glands
87What does the oropharynx and laryngopharynx provide?
*common passageway for food, fluids, and air
88Structure and location of esophagus?
*flat muscular tube
*from laryngopharynx to stomach
*goes through diaphragm
89Name of where exophagus pierces diaphragm?
at esophageal hiatus
90What spincter closers the cardial orficie and prevent reflux from stomach?
*gastroesophageal sphincter
91What does GERD stand for?
gastroesophageal reflux disease
92GERD is also known as?
Heart burn
93Heartburn (GERD) is sometimes secondary to ___ ____
hiatal hernia
94Stomach size when empty? When full?
empty= 50 ml
full 1-1.5 ml full
95Where is the stomach located?
*left abdominal cavity (inferior to the diaphragm)
96Structure of stomach and function?
*muscular sac "storage tank"
*mechanically breaks up food (churning)
97The stomach begins the chemical breakdown of what?
protein and fats
98What does the stomach mix food with? Converts chyme into?
*mixes food with gastric juices
*converts to chyme (creamy paste)
99What is the opening to the stomach called?
*cardial orifice
100What are the mucosa folds inside the stomach called?
*Rugae
101Where does the stomach get it's arterial blood supply from?
*Celiac Trunk (abdominal aorta)
102Where does the venous blood from the stomach drain into? (hint it's a portal)
drains into the Hepatic portal vein
103What type of cell make up the mucosa of the stomach?
simple columnar epithelium
104What do mucous cells in the stomach secrete?
alkaline mucus
105What are depressions in the stomach mucosa called?
gastric pits
106What are located within gastric pits (within the stomach)?
gastric glands
107What does alkaline mucus do? What secretes it?
*protects the stomach lining from HCL
*secreted by mucous cells
108What cells secrete thin acidic mucus in the stomach?
*mucous neck cells
109What cells in the stomach secrete HCL?
*Parietal cells
110Why do Parietal cells secrete HCL?
*secrete HCL (ph 1.5-3.5)
*denatures protein
*activates pepsinogen
*breaks down plant cell walls
*kills bacteria
111What two things do parietal cells secrete in the stomach?
*HCL
*Intrinsic factor
112Purpose of intrinsic factor? What secretes it?
*used for vitamin B12 absorption in small intestine
*secreted by Parietal cells
113What activates pepsinogen?
HCL
114What do Chief cells secrete? purpose?
*Pepsinogen (starts breakdown of proteins)
*lipase (digestion of about 15% of lipids)
115What is secreted by Enteroendocrine cells?
*hormones
*paracrine "local hormones"
116What two hormones are released by Enteroendocrine cells?
*gastrin
*somatostatin
117What local (paracrine) hormones are released by Enteroendocrine cells?
*serotonin
*histamine
118What are the three main layers of the stomach?
*mucosa
*submucosa
*muscularis externa
119What three protection mechanisms prevent the stomach from self digesting?
*alkaline mucus coat
*tight juntions (between cells)
*high rate of cell replacement turnover (every 3-6 dys)
120The breakdown of the mucosal barrier in the stomach can result in what two conditions?
*gastritis (inflammation)
*peptic or gastric ulcer
121What are the three parts of the small intestine?
*duodenum
*jejunum
*illem
122What portion of the small intestine receives stomach contents, pancreatic juice and bile?
Duodenum portion
123What portion of the small intestine connects the duodenum and illeum?
jejunum
124What happens in the small intestine?
*All nutrient absorption
*95% of water reabsorption
125HOw long is the small intestine?
*6-7 m
*19-23 ft long
126how long is the duodenum portion of the small intestine?
*25 cm (10 inches)
127how long is the jejunum potion of the small intestine?
*2.5 m (8 ft)
128how long is the illeum potion of the small intestine?
*3.6 m (12 ft)
129What joins the small intestine and large intestine?
ileocecal junction
130What three things increase the surface area within the small intestine?
*circular folds (plicae)
*villi
*microvilli
131What are plicae? What do they cause chyme to do?
circular permanent folds (1 cm) in the small intestine that force chyme to spiral through the lumen
132What structure enables chyme to spiral through the small intestine lumen?
*plicae (circular permanent folds)
133What are villi? how tall? What do they contain and enable?
*fingerlike extensions (1mm tall)
*contain capillaries and lacteal for fat absorption
134What are microvilli? What do they form and what do they contain?
tiny projections (1 micrometer tall) that form brush border in small intestine and contain enzymes for digestion
135Intestional ____ are formed in the mucosa of the small intestine
Intestional crepts
136Enterocytes in the small intestine produce? How much?
*Intestional juice (1-2 L/day)
*hormones
137What glands in the small intestine secrete alkaline mucus to neutralize acidic chyme?
Duodenal (Brunner's glands)
138What do Duodenal glands do?
secrete alkaline mucus to neutralize acidic chyme
139Where are MALT found in the small intestine? What do they do? What are they also called?
Peyer's patches are found in distal ileum, they protect small intestine against bacteria
140Wht is "brush border"?
microvilli that contains enzymes for digestion and are found on the vill within small intestine
141What is the function of the large intestine?
*reabsorb water and electrolytes: eliminate indigestible foods as feces
142How long is the large intestine? Where does it begin?
5 ft long, begins with blind pouch called the cecum
143Name the muscular valve where the ileum joins the cecum:
ileocecal valve
144What is the appendix? What is found within it? (what specific follicles)
*is a blind tube at lower end of the cecum (part of MALT), filled with lymphoid follicles
145What are the four portions of the large intestine?
*ascending colon
*transverse colon
*descending colon
*sigmoid colon
146What is the mobility difference between retroperitoneal and intraperiotoneal organs?
*intraperitoneal space mobile
*retroperitoneal space are fixed
147What portions of the large intestine are retroperiotoneal?
*ascending and descending colon
148What happens after the sigmoid colon?
*the large intesting straightens out and forms the rectum
149How many valves are found in the rectum?
three
150Difference between retroperitoneal and intraperiotoneal space?
*Intraperitoneal space within the peritoneum
*Retroperitoneal spaceoutside the peritoneum.
151The ascending colon leads to the right ___ ( ) ____
right colic (hepatic flexure)
152The tranverse colon leads to the left ___ ( ) ____
left colic (splenic) flexure
153What is the s-shaped portion of the large intestine?
*sigmoid colon
154The anal canal leads to the ___
anus
155What are the two retroperitoneal portions of the colon?
*ascending colon
*descending colon
156What are the two intraperitoneal portions of the colon?
*transverse colon
*sigmoid colon
157What portion of the rectum is composed of involuntary smooth muscle?
internal anal sphincter
158What portion of the rectum contains voluntary skeletal muscle?
external anal sphincter
159How many types of bacteria colonize the large intestine?
10 billion
160Function of bacteria in the large intestine?
*synethesize vitamins (B complex and K)
*ferment indigestible carbohydrates
*release gases
161What is diverticulosis?
*presence of diverticula (mucosa herniations) in the large intestine (due to a low fiber diet)
162What condition may result from a low fiber diet?
Diverticulosis
163*what are diverticula?
hernations of the mucosa
164What is Diverticulitis?
*inflammed diverticula
*painful condition
*mucosa herniations may rupture and lead to peritonitis
165What is the main digestive function of the liver?
secretion of bile (emulsifies fat)
166What are the three lobes of the liver?
right lobe, left lobe, caudate lobe, quadrate lobe (nearest to gall bladder)
167What ligament runs through the liver?
*Falciform ligament
168Name of ligament before it enters the liver?
"round ligament" or "ligamentum teres"
169Name the innumerable hexagonal tiny cylinders that make up the liver
liver lobules
170What is in the core of each liver lobule?
central vein
171What surronds the central vein within liver lobules?
sheets of liver cells called hepatocytes
172What is found in each of the six corners of liver lobules?
portal triad
173What three vessels make up the portal triad?
*hepatic arteriole
*hepatic portal venule
*bile ductule
174What does hepatic arteriole do in the portal triad?
brings O2 rich blood
175What does the hepatic portal venule do in the portal triad?
brings nutrient rich blood
176What does bile ductule do in the portal triad?
*transports bile to the bile duct
177What are leaky capillaries between hepatic sheets within liver lobules?
liver sinusoids
178What capillaries are found in the liver?
liver sinusoids
179What is the function of hepatocytes? hint.... 5 :)
*process blood borne nutrients
*store fat-soluble vitamins
*detoxification
*synthesis of plasma proteins (and clotting factors)
*product 500-1000 ml bile/day
180Med term of infection of the liver?
Hepatitis (ussually viral)
181What is the gallbladder? function?
*thin walled muscular sac
*stores and concentrates bile
182What kind of gland is the pancreas?
*endorine (insulin function) and exocrine gland (digestive enzymes released into intestine) (retroperiotoneal location)
183Endocrine portion of the pancreas? What does it secrete and where does it secrete it?
*pancreatic islets
*secretes insulin and glucagon into the blood
184Exocrine portion of the pancreas? What cells secrete what?
*Acinar cells
*secrete pancreatic juice (rich in digestive enzymes) into the duodenum