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4 major branches off the abdominal aorta
celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, renal arteries, inferior mesenteric artery
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celiac trunk serves
stomach, pancreas, and spleen
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supeior mesenteric artery serves
small intestine, part of large intestine
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inferior mesenteric artery serves
large intestine, rectum
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at the L4 vertebra, the abdominal aorta splits into two
common iliac arteries
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smaller veins drain into the
inferior vena cava
transcends the abdomen, thorax and connects directly to the right atrium
transcends the abdomen, thorax and connects directly to the right atrium
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capillaries of the small and large intestines drain into veins that merge together to form the
hepatic portal vein
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absorbed nutrients pass through the _____ for filtration
liver
things we ingest usually go through blood supply, need to filter before main blood stream
things we ingest usually go through blood supply, need to filter before main blood stream
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the liver is drained by the
inferior vena cava
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most anterior abdominal muscles are innervated by
intercostal nerves T7-12
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the lower abdominal muscles are often innervated by
iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves
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most posterior abdominal muscles are innervated by
branches of anterior rami of L nerves or lumbosacral plexus nerves
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midline of tranverse abdominal is called
abdominal aponeurosis
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transverse abdominal muscles are
core stabilizers
used when goal is to make the abdomen/thorax immobile
used when goal is to make the abdomen/thorax immobile
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thoracolumbar fascia is the origin for both
internal oblique and transverse abdominals
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external oblique originates on the
ribs
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rectus abdominus is the antagonist to
erector spinae muscles
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rectus abdominus sits within the
rectus sheath
formed by the aponeurosis of the internal obliques
formed by the aponeurosis of the internal obliques
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iliacs and psoas major both pass
deep to the inguinal ligament and insert on the femur, hip flexors
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thoracolumbar fascia is a critical
structural connection, connects force between trunk and leg
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thoracolumbar fascia is origin of
transverse abdominal, internal oblique, and latissimus dorsi
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thoracolumbar fascia wraps around
quadratus laborum
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abdomen divided into
peritoneal and retroperitoneal cavities
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organs are held into place and anchored to body walls with sheets of connective tissue called
mesenteries
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abdominal organs are in the peritoneal cavity except the
kidnneys (retroperitoneal)
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greater omentum
hangs down from the stomach like a curtain, serparating visceral and parietal peritoneum
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subcutaneous fat does
thermoregulation (keeps us warm)
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visceral fat does
cushioning, energy production, signaling
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visceral fat _______ in some individuals
accumulates in and under the omentum and mesenteries in some individuals
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visceral fat is an ______ organ
endocrine
releases adipokines - hormones that affect our metabolism
releases adipokines - hormones that affect our metabolism
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the inguinal canal passes between
the aponeurosis of the external oblique (superior) and inguinal ligament (inferior)
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what passes through the inguinal canal
spermatic cord or round ligament of uterus pass through
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spermatic cord inguinal canals are larger in individuals with testes, so they are
8x more likely to develop hernias
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risk factors for hernia
chronic cough
constipation
constipation
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Why are hernias bad?
blockage
could rupture and bacteria gets released which leads to sepsis
could rupture and bacteria gets released which leads to sepsis
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the contents of the GI tract are considered
outside the body
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stomach functions
HCl and pepsin/pepsinogen denature proteins
three layers of muscle in the wall grind food
Holder of food - up to 1L - with slow release into small intestine
three layers of muscle in the wall grind food
Holder of food - up to 1L - with slow release into small intestine
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three sections of small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
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majority of digestion occurs in the
duodenum
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what aids the duodenum in digestion
bile from gall bladder/liver
pancreatic juice from pancreas
pancreatic juice from pancreas
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jejunum and ileum are long with masssively folded internal structures for
surface area
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where does absorption occur?
jejunum and ileum
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absorbed nutrients have 1 of 2 fates
carbohydrates and proteins are broken into small monomers, absorbed into intestinal capillaires -> hepatic portal vein to liver for filtration/processing, also water absorbed into blood
lipids assemble into small droplets due to hydrophobic properties, too large for capillaries, absorbed into lacteals (lymph) head straight to venous return
lipids assemble into small droplets due to hydrophobic properties, too large for capillaries, absorbed into lacteals (lymph) head straight to venous return
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large intestine functions
absorbs water and vitamins from the remaining material
compaction of feces
compaction of feces
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the appendix is a haven for
bacteria
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bacteria in the appendix ____ the large intenstine after
repopulate
diarrheal disease
diarrheal disease
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the appendix has some ________ ______ in wall
lymph tissue
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if a lump of feces or swelling of lymph tissue causes blockage in the appendix
the bacteria cannot escape which results in swelling and rupture can result
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Liver functions - the liver recycles
red blood cells - produces bilirubin, secreted into bile -> feces
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Liver functions - produces ____
bile -> lipid breakdown
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Liver functions - produces ______ ________
plasma proteins - main osmotic regulators of the blood
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Liver functions - filters
nutrient rich/toxin rich blood from the small intestine
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Liver functions - ______ storage
glycogen storage -> metabolic role
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pancreas is both an _______ and _______ organ
endocrine and exocrine
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exocrine function of pancreas
pancreatic juice to GI tract
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endocrine function of pancreas
regulator of blood sugar through the antagonistic action of insulin and glucagon
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the pancreas connects to the
duodenum
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the spleen recycles
red blood cells
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the spleen is a ________ organ
lymphoid - scans the blood for pathogens
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the spleen is highly
vascularized
main risk of abdominal injury is splenic bleeding
main risk of abdominal injury is splenic bleeding
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kidneys filter
blood from renal arteries - return filtered blood in renal veins to IVC
does not go through hepatic portal system
does not go through hepatic portal system
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adrenal glands contain
medulla and cortex
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the ____ kidney is lower
right -> liver
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