Population and Evolutionary Genetics

group of individuals of the same species hat occupy the same region and can interbreed with each other

make up a large population, are more likely to breed with each other, different locl populations are often seperated by moderate geographic barriers like distance and rivers

all of the alleles of every gene in a population

only individuals who can reproduce

genetic variation within the gene pool and how it changes from one generation to the next

many traits display variation within a population

gene that commonly exists as 2 or more alleles in a population

gene exists predominantly (at least 99%) as a single allele

base pair variation at specific locations

(number of copies of an allele in a population)/(total number of all alleles for that gene in a population)

(number of individuals with a particular genotype in a population)/(total number of individuals in a population)

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

frequency of g is low

frequencies of G and g are intermediate

frequency of g is high

no new mutations, no natural selection, large population/no genetic drit, no migration, random mating

changes in gene pool from generation to generation

directional, balancing, disruptive, stabilizing selection

one extreme phenotype (GG or gg)

maintenance of two or more alleles

survival of two or more different phenotypes

favors the survival of individuals with intermediate phenotypes (Gg)

reproductive superiority, highest reprouctive ability = 1, others are less

mean fitness of the population

heterozygotes have selective advantage (sickel cell)

favors two or more phenotypes due to different environments (pepper moth)

extreme phenotypes are selected against, usually for polygenic traits like weight and number of eggs

small

random changes in allele frequencies that are not under selection pressure

dramatic reduction in population size

small group of individuals seperate from a larger population and establishes a colony in a new location

transfer of alleles from donor to recipient population, changing its gene pool

recipient population of gene flow

mating between genetically related individuals

mating between genetically unrelated individuals

individuals do not mate randomly

individuals are mroe likely to mate because phenotypically similar

individuals more likely to mate because phenotypically different

group of individuals that can produce viable, fertile offspring

generation of reproductive isolation

anagenesis and cladogenesis

single species is transformed into a different one over the course of many generations

single species is divided into two or more species, most common form of speciation

allopatric, parapatric, sympatric