Unit 3 Biology

the movement of particles from low to high concentration (against the concentration gradient); requires ATP/energy

inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival

A form of cellular respiration that requires oxygen in order to generate ATP

anaerobic respiration that makes 2 ATP from each glucose molecule, carbon dioxide, and alcohol; carried out by yeast and bacteria

A form of cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen and generates less ATP

adenosine triphosphate; energy-storing molecule of cells; energy is stored in the bonds between the phosphates

additional layer found outside of the cell membrane in plants, fungi, bacteria, and some protists; offers additional support and protection

thin, flexible structure that provides protection and support to a cell and separates it from the outside environment; AKA plasma membrane

burning glucose to make ATP; 36-38 ATP are formed from each glucose molecule; carried out by all organisms; occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells

organelle found in animal cells that the spindle fibers grow out of

green pigment found in the chloroplast that traps light for photosynthesis

organelle that contains the green pigment chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis; makes glucose (sugar)

short, hair-like projections found in eukaryotes that are used for movement (protists) and that line the respiratory tracts of animals

a microscope that shines light through a specimen and has two lenses to magnify an object

gel-like material made mostly of water that surrounds the organelles inside a cell

the simplest form of passive transport

a state in which there is no concentration gradient; particles are evenly distributed and continue to move across the cell membrane/space

uses a beam of electrons to magnify an object; much more powerful than a compound light microscope

Eyespot

long, whip-like tails used for movement

maintaining a constant internal environment

anaerobic respiration that makes 2 ATP from each glucose molecule and lactic acid which causes muscle soreness/cramps

a eukaryotic organelle that contains digestive enzymes for breaking down worn out cell parts and engulfed virusesacteria

organelle that contains the DNA/chromosomes; sometimes referred to as the "command and control center" of a cell

structure inside a cell that performs a certain function

the diffusion of water; remember "solute sucks"

movement of molecules from high to low concentration (down the concentration gradient); does not require ATP/energy

another name for the cell/plasma membrane which is made up of two layers of phospholipids

process carried out by plants, some protists, and some bacteria in which carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose (food) and oxygen; occurs in the chloroplast of eukaryotic cells

process of making proteins that includes transcription and translation

"false-feet" of cytoplasmic extensions made by amoeba (protists) that help them engulf food and move through water

organelle that makes proteins; only organelle not bound by a membrane

characteristic of the cell membrane in which some substances are allowed to cross but not others

the dissolved substance in a solution/solvent; example is salt or sugar

the substance in which the solute dissolves; ex. water

can be obtained by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the ocular lens/eyepiece

force created in a cell when water flows in and the cell membrane pushes against the cell wall

storage organelle for food, water, and wastes

specialized vacuole in paramecia that allow them to live in freshwater environments by constantly pumping water out

a difference in concentration of a substance across a cell membrane/space