Glycolysis

Pathway that breaks glucose into two pyruvate molecules in cytoplasm; produces ATP and NADH.

Does not require oxygen.

Phase 1; Uses 2 ATP to phosphorylate glucose.

Produces 4 ATP and 2 NADH (net gain 2 ATP).

2 ATP (net), 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate.

Glucose (6-carbon sugar).

Addition of phosphate groups to trap and activate glucose.

Enzyme adding first phosphate, forming glucose-6-phosphate.

Key regulatory enzyme forming fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.

High ATP inhibits; high AMP activates.

Oxidized electron carrier accepting electrons.

Reduced form carrying high-energy electrons to ETC.

Electron transfer between molecules (oxidation = loss, reduction = gain).

“Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain.”

Require oxygen.

Glycolysis rate adjusts to cellular ATP demand.

Produce ATP solely via glycolysis (no mitochondria).

Muscle and cancer cells use glycolysis rapidly for energy.

6C glucose → fructose form for easier cleavage.

2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP (net).