Glycolysis
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Glycolysis
Pathway that breaks glucose into two pyruvate molecules in cytoplasm; produces ATP and NADH.
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Anaerobic
Does not require oxygen.
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Energy Investment Phase
Phase 1; Uses 2 ATP to phosphorylate glucose.
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Energy Payoff Phase
Produces 4 ATP and 2 NADH (net gain 2 ATP).
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Net Products
2 ATP (net), 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate.
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Starting Molecule
Glucose (6-carbon sugar).
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Phosphorylation
Addition of phosphate groups to trap and activate glucose.
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Hexokinase
Enzyme adding first phosphate, forming glucose-6-phosphate.
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Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
Key regulatory enzyme forming fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
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PFK Regulation
High ATP inhibits; high AMP activates.
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NAD⁺
Oxidized electron carrier accepting electrons.
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NADH
Reduced form carrying high-energy electrons to ETC.
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Redox Reaction
Electron transfer between molecules (oxidation = loss, reduction = gain).
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OIL RIG
“Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain.”
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Aerobic
Require oxygen.
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ATP Regulation
Glycolysis rate adjusts to cellular ATP demand.
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Red Blood Cells
Produce ATP solely via glycolysis (no mitochondria).
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High-Rate Cells
Muscle and cancer cells use glycolysis rapidly for energy.
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Glucose Rearrangement
6C glucose → fructose form for easier cleavage.
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Immediate Products
2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP (net).
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