Lipids

Lipids are substances that are insoluble in water and can be extracted from cells only by

The most abundant type of lipids included in the group that also contains steroids and terpenes

General term for lipids that are synthesized from isoprene units

Carboxylic esters derived from glycerol that are also known as glycerides

Class of natural or synthetic organic compounds characterized by a molecular structure of 17-carbon atoms arranged in four rings

Percentage of fat found in food comprised by triglycerides

Components that make up a triglyceride

Long carbon chains joined by single (saturated) or double bonds (unsaturated) and a terminal carboxyl group

Composition of the remaining 2% of fat in food

In cholesterol, what ring does the double bond located?

Where does the 1st double bond located

Where does double bond located for methyl groups?

this is the most insoluble compounds and also called neutral fats

Describe all the characteristics of Major Alipoproteins based on their location and functions:

A1
A2
A4
B48

Major lipoprotein locations for Apolipoprotein C1

Primary function of Apolipoprotein C1

Major lipoprotein locations for Apolipoprotein C2

Primary function of Apolipoprotein C2

Major lipoprotein locations for Apolipoprotein C3

Primary function of Apolipoprotein C3

Major lipoprotein locations for Apo D (Apo A-III), also called thin line apoprotein

Primary function of Apo D (Apo A-III)

Major lipoprotein locations for Apolipoprotein E

Primary function of Apolipoprotein E

Common remnants of TAG-rich lipoproteins

Apolipoprotein associated with LDL

Apolipoprotein associated with VLDL

Classification of fatty acids containing 4-6 carbon atoms

Classification of fatty acids containing 8-12 carbon atoms

Classification of fatty acids containing more than 12 carbon atoms

Terminology for fatty acids with no C=C bonds

Terminology for fatty acids containing one C=C bond

Terminology for fatty acids containing more than one C=C bond

Lipoprotein with the highest protein content

Lipoprotein with the highest cholesterol content

Lipoprotein with the highest TAG content

Lipoprotein with the highest phospholipid content

Identify the newly secreted HDL that is more active in removing cholesterol from cells

Identify the HDL formed when discoid HDL acquires cholesterol from cells and transforms into a spherical shape

List of minor lipoproteins based on the provided selection

Characteristic of Lp(a) related to heart health

Reference substance that Lp(a) is structurally similar to

Major lipoproteins listed in the handwritten notes

Method for one-step cholesterol determination using colorimetry

Method for two-step cholesterol determination involving color and extraction

Method for three-step cholesterol determination involving color, extraction, and saponification

Method for four-step cholesterol determination involving color, extraction, saponification, and precipitation

Condition characterized by an increase in Fe^{3+} (Ferric) and iron storage markers

Monosaccharides are the basic building blocks for this macronutrient group

Amino acids are the building blocks of this nutrient class

Basic structural components that make up Lipids

Five-carbon units that serve as the building blocks for Terpenes

Specific chemical bond that links fatty acids to a glycerol backbone

Clinical term for fats, such as saturated fats, that promote the formation of arterial plaques

Examples of healthy unsaturated fats including MUFA and PUFA

Common source of beneficial Omega-3 fatty acids mentioned in the notes

Chemical process used to convert liquid oils into solid trans fats

Ranking of lipoproteins from highest to lowest protein content

Ranking of lipoproteins from highest to lowest cholesterol content

Ranking of lipoproteins from highest to lowest TAG (Triglyceride) content

Ranking of lipoproteins from highest to lowest phospholipid content

Lipoprotein that is the least dense and creates a creamy top layer in plasma

Appearance of plasma when VLDL levels are significantly elevated

Appearance of plasma when only LDL levels are elevated

Shape and status of Nascent HDL newly released from the liver

Status and shape of HDL after it acquires cholesterol from cells

Direction of the Reverse Cholesterol Pathway

Direction of the Forward Cholesterol Pathway mediated by LDL and VLDL

List the quantitative values for Positive Risk Factors (+RF) for HDL, LDL, and TAG

Specific HDL level considered to be cardioprotective

Conversion factor used to change TAG from mg/dL to mmol/L

Divisor used for TAG in the DeLong formula for calculating LDL

Divisor used for TAG in the Friedewald formula for calculating LDL in mg/dL

Color produced by the Liebermann-Burchard chemical method for cholesterol

Color produced by the Salkowski chemical method for cholesterol

Steps involved in the Abell-Kendall 3-step reference method

Names associated with the 4-step reference method for cholesterol

Identify the clinical condition that becomes significantly more likely when an individual presents with positive (+) lipid risk factors.

Specify the threshold concentration value for HDL cholesterol that constitutes a positive risk factor for cardiac disease.

Specify the threshold concentration value for LDL cholesterol that constitutes a positive risk factor for cardiac disease.

Specify the first threshold concentration value for triglycerides (TAG) that acts as a positive risk factor for cardiac disease.

Identify the clinical heart condition that an individual is considered protected or free from when they possess negative (-) risk factors.

Specify the target concentration value for HDL cholesterol required to achieve a negative risk factor status.

Specify the target concentration value for LDL cholesterol required to achieve a negative risk factor status.

Specify the threshold concentration value for total cholesterol that acts as a positive risk factor.

Specify the second threshold concentration value for triglycerides (TAG) that acts as a positive risk factor.

Identify the specific lipid parameter and its value that is explicitly designated as cardioprotective.

Identify the traditional cholesterol colorimetric chemical reaction that yields a characteristic green color.

Identify the traditional cholesterol colorimetric chemical reaction that yields a characteristic red color.

List the three specific analytical procedures that comprise the 3 step method for lipid determination.

Name the specific 3 step reference method used for cholesterol extraction and lipid determination.

List the four designated multi-step methods or investigators associated with the 4 step method for lipid determination.

CH3-CH2-... + H2 (saturated)

CH3-CH2-... (unsaturated) -> Hydrogenation ->

The process that converts unsaturated fatty acids into saturated fatty acids by adding hydrogen atoms is called

Identify the missing compound in the reaction pathway: Safflower + 2H -> Stearic Acid -> Stearic Acid ->

Name the type of isomerism formed during the partial hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids

Identify the main enzyme path involved in reverse cholesterol pathway

State the function of LPL and HL in the reverse cholesterol pathway

Identify the protein that helps in the clearance of lipids in the reverse cholesterol pathway

State the clinical condition that occurs when there is a defect in the reverse cholesterol pathway

Identify the main enzyme involved in the forward cholesterol pathway

Specify the lipid that is increased in the forward lipid defects

Identify the condition caused by an increased amount of IDL in forward lipid defects

Name the lipid transport particle cleared by LDL filters or liver in forward lipid defects

Identify the receptor type that is defective in familial hypercholesterolemia

Identify the molecule that is unable to bind to its receptor due to LDL receptor defects

State the hereditary condition characterized by LDL receptor defects and high ApoB-100 accumulation in the blood

State the common clinical sign or deposition of cholesterol seen in the family of patients with LDL receptor defects

Identify the organ where ApoB-100 defects significantly impair the clearance of LDL

Explain how defective ApoB-100 affects internal lipid levels in the body

Identify the specific lipid transport protein that is absent in abetalipoproteinemia

Identify the two main lipoproteins that are absent or low in abetalipoproteinemia due to MTP defects

State the clinical presentation of abetalipoproteinemia related to fat absorption

Identify the primary lipoprotein that is low in Tangier's disease

State the physical manifestation or symptom seen in the tonsils of patients with Tangier's disease

Identify the specific cell type where cholesterol accumulates in Tangier's disease

Name the condition characterized by low HDL, orange tonsils, and cholesterol accumulation in macrophages

Identify the specific apolipoprotein that is missing in Apo A-I deficiency

Explain the effect of Apo A-I deficiency on HDL levels

Name the condition characterized by severe reduction in HDL due to the absence of its primary structural protein

State the classification of a risk factor if the cholesterol level is high, LDL is low, and HDL is low

State the classification of a risk factor if the cholesterol level is high, LDL is high, and HDL is low

Enumerate the specific lipid profile criteria required to be classified under a High Risk Factor

Enumerate the specific lipid profile criteria required to be classified under a Very High Risk Factor

State the numerical range for low HDL that contributes to high risk classification

State the numerical range for high LDL that contributes to high risk classification

State the numerical range for high cholesterol that contributes to high risk classification

State the numerical range for high triglycerides that contributes to high risk classification

Identify the specific lifestyle modification program recommended for patients categorized under lipid risk factors

Enumerate the lipid criteria for a patient categorized under "Negative RF"

Identify the specific lipid value that acts as a cardioprotective factor when it is greater than 60 mg/dL

Identify the specific lipid value that acts as a cardioprotective factor when it is less than 100 mg/dL

State the clinical implication of having an HDL level greater than 60 mg/dL and LDL less than 100 mg/dL

Identify the condition characterized by an independent risk factor for arterial diseases involving plasminogen-like activity

State the structural characteristics or functional similarity of Lp(a)

Identify the specific lipid parameter characterized by a light density lipoprotein and a sticky nature

State the clinical risk or consequence associated with elevated Lp(a) levels

Identify the primary reason why clots refuse to dissolve in the presence of high Lp(a)

State the normal reference value for total cholesterol

State the reference range for borderline total cholesterol

State the reference range for high total cholesterol

Enumerate the three classification categories for total cholesterol levels

Identify the chemical method used in the isolation and separation step of HDL measurement

Enumerate the two main steps involved in the chemical method for HDL measurement

State the specific chemical reaction utilized in the quantification step of HDL measurement

Enumerate the two reagents commonly used in the isolation step of HDL to precipitate non-HDL lipoproteins

Identify the reagent used in the three-step method for HDL isolation that involves heavy metal precipitation

State the function of the polyanions and divalent cations in HDL isolation

Identify the component found in the supernatant after the precipitation step in HDL isolation

Identify the current reference method used for the quantification of cholesterol as established by CDC

State the original reference method that the current CDC method for cholesterol quantification was modified from

Identify the three main types of methods used for LDL measurement in the laboratory

Identify the specific laboratory method used for direct measurement of LDL

Enumerate the two traditional mathematical equations used for calculated LDL

State the mathematical formula for the Friedewald method used to calculate LDL cholesterol in mg/dL

State the mathematical formula for the De Long method used to calculate LDL cholesterol in mg/dL

Identify the specific lipid parameter that must be less than 400 mg/dL for the Friedewald equation to remain valid

State the main limitation or restriction of using the Friedewald equation for calculating LDL

Identify the preferable method used for measuring LDL when triglyceride levels are extremely high or in non-fasting samples

Identify the specific metabolic disease characterized by deficient or absent ABCA1 transporter activity

State the genetic transmission pattern or inheritance of Tangier's disease

Identify the primary lipoprotein that is severely decreased or absent in Tangier's disease due to ABCA1 mutation

Identify the specific organ or tissue where cholesterol esters accumulate dramatically in Tangier's disease, changing its color

Identify the specific condition characterized by a mutation in the LCAT gene leading to fish-eye disease

State the clinical manifestation in the eyes of a patient with LCAT deficiency

Identify the specific lipoprotein that is markedly decreased in LCAT deficiency

State the date written on the slide discussing LCAT deficiency and fish-eye disease

Identify the clinical significance or effect of having a low HDL level (<40 mg/dL)

Identify the genetic cause behind familial hypercholesterolemia involving the ApoB gene

Identify the primary lipoprotein that accumulates to very high levels due to an ApoB gene mutation