1resource-based view
A leading perspective of strategy that suggests that differences in firm performance are most fundamentally driven by differences in firm resources and capabilities.
2resource
The tangible and intangible assets a firm uses to choose and implement its strategies.
3dynamic capability
A firm's capacity to build and protect competitive advantage, including the ability to sense and seize opportunities and to reconfigure existing assets.
4capability
The tangible and intangible assets a firm uses to choose and implement its strategies.
5tangible resources and capabilities
Observable and quantifiable resources and capabilities.
6intangible resources and capabilities
Hard-to-observe and difficult-to-codify resources and capabilities.
7sensing
Abilities to discover opportunities.
8seizing
Abilities to capture value from opportunities.
9reconfiguration
Abilities to remain flexible by redesigning business models, realigning assets, and revamping routines.
10value chain
Goods and services produced through a chain of vertical activities that add value.
11benchmarking
Examination as to whether a firm has resources and capabilities to perform a particular activity in a manner superior to competitors.
12commoditization
A process of market competition through which unique products that command high prices and high margins generally lose their ability to do so—these products thus become "commodities."
13outsourcing
Turning over all or part of an activity to an outside supplier to improve the performance of the focal firm.
14offshoring
International/foreign outsourcing.
15onshoring
Outsourcing to a domestic firm.
16captive sourcing
Setting up subsidiaries to perform in-house work in foreign location. Conceptually identical to foreign direct investment (FDI).
17VRIO framework
A resource-based framework that focuses on the value (V), rarity (R), imitability (I), and organizational (O) aspects of resources and capabilities.
18causal ambiguity
The difficulty of identifying the causal determinants of successful firm performance.
19complementary asset
Noncore asset that complements and supports the value-adding activities of core assets.
20social complexity
The socially complex ways of organizing typical of many firms.
21business process outsourcing (BPO)
Outsourcing of business processes such as loan origination, credit card processing, and call center operations.
22original equipment manufacturer (OEM)
A firm that executes design blueprints provided by other firms and manufactures such products.
23original design manufacturer (ODM)
A firm that both designs and manufactures products.
24original brand manufacturer (OBM)
A firm that designs, manufactures, and markets branded products.
25reshoring
Moving formerly offshored activities back to the home country of the focal firm.
26Strategic implications for action
Managers need to build firm strengths based on the VRIO framework. ● Relentless imitation or benchmarking, while important, is not likely to be a successful strategy. ● Managers need to build up resources and capabilities for future competition. ● Develop your career to make yourself into an "untouchable" whose job cannot be easily outsourced.
27Additive manufacturing (3D printing)Manufacturing
3 dimensional products from a digital model by using additive processes, where products are created by adding successive layers of material.
28Make-or-buy decision
decision about whether to produce in-house ("make") or to outsource ("buy").
29Servitization
smart combination of manufacturing and services