1What structures make up the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.
2What are the major functions of the integumentary system?
Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, vitamin D production, and excretion.
3What are the three main layers associated with the skin?
Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.
4What is the epidermis?
The outer layer of skin made of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
5What is the dermis?
The deeper connective tissue layer containing blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles.
6What is the hypodermis?
A layer beneath the skin containing areolar and adipose connective tissue.
7Is the hypodermis technically part of the skin?
No, it lies beneath the skin and anchors it to underlying tissues.
8What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?
Stratum basale.
9What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?
Stratum corneum.
10What are the five epidermal layers from deep to superficial?
Basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum.
11Which epidermal layer is found only in thick skin?
Stratum lucidum.
12Where is thick skin found?
The palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
13What are keratinocytes?
The most abundant epidermal cells that produce keratin.
14What is the function of keratin?
It strengthens and protects the skin and helps reduce water loss.
15What are melanocytes?
Cells that produce the pigment melanin.
16What is the function of melanin?
It contributes to skin color and helps protect DNA from UV radiation.
17What are dendritic cells?
Epidermal immune cells that help protect against pathogens.
18What are Merkel cells?
Epidermal cells associated with sensory nerve endings for light touch.
19What are the three main contributors to skin color?
Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin.
20What causes cyanosis?
A bluish skin color associated with inadequate oxygenation.
21What causes jaundice?
Accumulation of bilirubin, causing yellowish skin and tissues.
22What is a sebaceous gland?
An oil gland that secretes sebum.
23What is sebum?
An oily secretion that lubricates and protects skin and hair.
24What are eccrine sweat glands?
Sweat glands that produce watery sweat for cooling.
25What are apocrine sweat glands?
Sweat glands found mainly in the axillae and groin that produce a thicker secretion.
26What are ceruminous glands?
Glands that produce earwax in the external ear canal.
27What is the function of hair?
Protection, sensation, and assistance with temperature regulation.
28What is the arrector pili muscle?
A smooth muscle that contracts to make hairs stand up.
29What is the function of nails?
They protect fingertips and toes and assist with grasping.
30What are the functions of the dermis?
It provides strength, elasticity, sensation, nourishment, and temperature regulation.
31What is a first-degree burn?
A superficial burn affecting only the epidermis.
32What is a second-degree burn?
A partial-thickness burn affecting the epidermis and part of the dermis.
33What is a third-degree burn?
A full-thickness burn destroying the epidermis and dermis.
34What is the Rule of Nines?
A method for estimating the percentage of adult body surface affected by burns.
35What percentage does each arm represent in the Rule of Nines?
9%.
36What percentage does each leg represent in the Rule of Nines?
18%.
37What percentage does the anterior trunk represent?
18%.
38What percentage does the posterior trunk represent?
18%.
39What percentage does the head and neck represent?
9%.
40What percentage does the perineum represent?
1%.
41What happens during epidermal wound healing?
Basal cells divide and migrate to replace damaged epidermal cells.
42What happens during deep wound healing?
Inflammation, tissue formation, scar formation, and remodeling occur.
43What are common changes to skin with aging?
Thinner skin, wrinkles, reduced elasticity, dryness, slower healing, and reduced temperature regulation.
44What is the cutaneous membrane?
The skin, consisting of the epidermis and dermis.
45What is a mucous membrane?
A membrane lining passages that open to the exterior and secreting mucus.
46What is a serous membrane?
A membrane lining closed ventral body cavities and covering their organs.
47What is a synovial membrane?
A membrane lining movable joints that produces synovial fluid.
48What is the difference between parietal and visceral membranes?
Parietal lines a cavity; visceral covers the organ.
49What is an endocrine gland?
A ductless gland that releases hormones into the blood.
50What is an exocrine gland?
A gland that releases its secretion through a duct.
51What is the cranial cavity?
The cavity containing and protecting the brain.
52What is the vertebral cavity?
The cavity containing and protecting the spinal cord.
53What is the thoracic cavity?
The chest cavity containing the lungs and heart.
54What is the abdominal cavity?
The cavity containing many digestive organs.
55What is the pelvic cavity?
The cavity containing the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.