2Identify the synonym for platelets provided in the handwritten notes.
Thrombocyte
3Fill in the blank: Platelets arise from a bone marrow cell called a ________.
Megakaryocyte.
4True or False: Platelets are important in both primary and secondary hemostasis.
True.
\
5Describe the appearance of platelets regarding their cytoplasm and nuclear material.
Cells with granular cytoplasm but no nuclear material.
\
6Identify where platelets cluster relative to RBCs within a blood vessel.
Near the center of the blood vessel.
\
7Identify the movement of platelets and WBCs from venules into the splenic pulp.
Moving back and forth.
\
8Identify the average lifespan of a platelet according to the primary note.
+/-9.0 days
9Identify the range of platelet lifespan mentioned in the notes.
8-10 days.
10Identify the normal number of platelets seen per 100x field on a Wright-stained PBS.
-7 to 21 cells.
\
11Fill in the blank: Thrombocytes are believed to enter the ________ initially, where they remain for two days.
Spleen.
\
12Identify the fraction of the total number of platelets found in the active splenic pool.
-1/3.
\
13Identify the fraction of the total number of platelets found in the circulating blood.
-2/3.
\
14Identify the type of platelets that appear in compensation for thrombocytopenia.
Retticulated Platelets.
15Identify the type of platelets newly released from megakaryocytes that still contain residual RNA.
16Identify the diameter of a Reticulated platelet in a PBS.
Exceeds -6 µm
17Identify the Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) reached by stress platelets.
-12 to 14 fL.
\
18Identify the clinical use of Reticulated Platelets regarding thrombocytopenia.
Differentiate bone marrow failure from peripheral destruction.
19Identify the clinical use of Reticulated Platelets regarding medical procedures.
Early predictor of bone marrow recovery after chemotherapy and transplantation.
\
20True or False: Reticulated platelets are potentially prothrombotic and associated with cardiovascular disease.
True.
\
21Identify the average normal size of a platelet in um
-2.5 µm.
\
22Identify the reference range for Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) of platlets.
6.8-10.2 FL
23Identify the handwritten reference range for MPV in platelets
-6.8-10.2 fL.
\
24Identify the anticoagulant that causes platelets to swell, increasing MPV by approximately 20% in the first hour.
EDTA.
\
25Identify the tim required for EDTA specimens to be utilized in measuring MPV.
-1 to 4 hours old.
\
26Identify the X-linked disorder characterized by small platelets.
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS).
\
27Enumeration: List the infections included in the TORCH acronym associated with small platelets.
Toxoplasma, Other agents, Rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus, Herpesvirus.
\
28Identify the inheritance pattern of May-Hegglin Anomaly (MHA).
Autosomal Dominant.
\
29Enumeration: List the four clinical characteristics of May-Hegglin Anomaly.
Leukopenia, variable thrombocytopenia, giant platelets, and Dohle body-like inclusions in leukocytes.
\
30True or False: Giant platelets in May-Hegglin Anomaly are associated with WBC inclusions.
True.
\
31Identify the shape of a resting platelet.
Biconvex.
\
32Identify the shape of an activated platelet.
Spherical with pseudopodia.
\
33Identify the appearance of platelets on a Wright-stained peripheral blood smear.
Lavender and granular.
\
34Identify the centrally located, granular part of a platelet.
Chromomere.
\
35Identify the peripherally located, non-granular part of a platelet.
Hyalomere.
\
36Identify the process by which megakaryocytes develop from hematopoietic stem cells.
Megakaryocytopoiesis.
\
37Identify the major regulator of platelet production, also known as Megakaryocyte Growth and Development Factor.
Thrombopoietin (TPO).
\
38Identify the primary organ that produces Thrombopoietin.
Liver.
\
39Identify the molecular weight of Thrombopoietin.
-70,000 Dalton.
\
40Identify the percentage of homology Thrombopoietin possesses with erythropoietin (EPO).
-23%.
\
41Identify the receptor site for TPO present at all maturation stages.
MPL-TPO.
\
42Fill in the blank: TPO concentration in the plasma is ________ proportional to platelet and megakaryocyte mass.
Inversely.
\
43Enumeration: List three cytokines that function with TPO to stimulate megakaryocytopoiesis.
IL-3, IL-6, and IL-11.
\
44Identify the largest cells in the bone marrow.
Megakaryocyte.
\
45Identify the size range of a megakaryocyte.
-30-160 um.
46Describe the nucleus and cytoplasm of a megakaryocyte.
Multilobulated nucleus and abundant granular cytoplasm.
\
47Identify the percentage of bone marrow cells represented by megakaryocytes.
Less than -0.5%.
\
48Identify the number of megakaryocytes typically found per 10x low-power field.
-2-4.
\
49Identify the least mature megakaryocyte lineage-committed progenitor.
Burst-forming unit (BFU-Meg).
\
50Identify the most mature megakaryocyte progenitor that loses its capacity to divide and performs endomitosis.
Light-density CFU (LD-CFU-Meg).
\
51Identify the specific cell type that all megakaryocyte progenitors resemble under a microscope.
Lymphocytes.
\
52Identify the process of nuclear division without cytoplasmic division.
Endomitosis.
\
53Identify the stage MK-I in terminal megakaryocyte differentiation.
Megakaryoblast.
\
54True or False: Megakaryoblasts can be reliably distinguished from myeloblasts using light microscopy.
False.
\
55Identify the cytoplasmic structure that begins to develop in the MK-I stage.
Demarcation system (DMS).
\
56Identify the stage MK-II in terminal megakaryocyte differentiation.
Promegakaryocyte.
\
57Identify the morphological feature used to identify the MK-II stage.
Appearance of nuclear lobularity.
\
58Identify the most abundant terminal stage of megakaryocyte differentiation.
MK-III (Megakaryocyte).
\
59Identify the number of platelets one megakaryocyte may shed.
-2,000-4,000.
\
60Identify the stage of terminal differentiation characterized by a round nucleus and 2 to 6 nucleoli.
MK-I.
\
61Identify the stage of terminal differentiation where nucleoli are not visible and the nucleus is multilobed.
MK-III.
\
62Identify the only terminal stage that can perform platelet shedding.
MK-III.
\
63Enumeration: List the three stages that undergo endomitosis during thrombopoiesis.
LD-CFU-Meg, MK-I, and MK-II.
\
64Identify the component of the platelet ultrastructure that provides phospholipids for activation and coagulation.
Platelet Plasma Membrane.
\
65Identify the neutral phospholipids found in the outer plasma layer.
Phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin.
\
66Identify the anionic phospholipid that supports platelet activation by supplying arachidonic acid.
Phosphatidylinositol.
\
67Identify the anionic phospholipid that serves as a coagulation factor (Factor III).
Phosphatidylserine.
\
68Identify the ligand for the GP Ib/IX/V complex.
VWF and thrombin.
\
69Identify the bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of the GP Ib/IX/V complex.
Bernard-Soulier syndrome.
\
70Identify the ligand for the GP IIb/IIIa integrin receptor.
Fibrinogen and VWF.
\
71Identify the bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of the GP IIb/IIIa receptor.
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia.
\
72Identify the ligand for the STR receptors P2Y1 and P2Y12.
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
\
73Identify the inhibitory receptor that binds Prostaglandin I2 (Prostacyclin).
IP.
\
74Identify the receptor associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT).
FcyIIA (CD32).
\
75Identify the integrin found on alpha-granule membranes that serves as a marker for in vivo platelet activation.
P-selectin (CD62).
\
76Identify the protein that forms platelet microtubules.
Tubulin.
\
77Describe the effect of cold temperature on platelet shape due to microtubule disassembly.
Platelets become round.
\
78Identify the protein that forms microfilaments located between microtubules and the membrane.
Actin.
\
79Identify the intermediate filaments that help maintain platelet shape.
Desmin and Vimentin.
\
80Identify the approximate number of alpha-granules in each platelet.
-50 to 80.
\
81Identify the system through which alpha-granule and lysosome contents flow during secretion.
Surface Connected Canalicular System (SCCS).
\
82Enumeration: List the four substances lysosomes stain positive for.
Arylsulfatase, beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase, and catalase.
\
83Identify the condensed remnant of the rough endoplasmic reticulum that sequesters calcium.
Dense Tubular System (DTS).
\
84Identify the specific substance whose synthesis is blocked by aspirin ingestion.
Thromboxane A2.
\
85Identify the mechanism of action for Aspirin.
Cyclooxygenase inhibitor.
\
86Identify the alpha-granule protein that functions to inhibit heparin.
Platelet factor-4 (PF4).
\
87Enumeration: List three growth factors present in platelet alpha-granules.
EGF, PDGF, and TGF-beta.
\
88Identify the number of dense granules typically found per platelet.
-2 to 7.
\
89Identify the alternative name for dense granules.
Delta granules.
\
90Enumeration: List the contents of dense granules using the mnemonic MP CHASE.
Magnesium, Phosphate, Calcium, ADP, ATP, Serotonin, and Epinephrine.
\
91Identify the specific dense granule component that is a vasoconstrictor binding to endothelial cells.
Serotonin (5-HT).
\
92Identify the role of divalent cations like Ca2+ and Mg2+ in platelets.
Support platelet activation and coagulation.