1GENDER AND EDUCATION
A topic that examines how gender and education affect each other.
2What is education in the broadest sense?
Any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character, and physical ability of an individual.
3What is education in the technical sense?
The process by which society transmits accumulated knowledge, skills, and values from one generation to another.
4Why is education considered a form of socialization?
Because it prepares young people for entry into society.
5What is a social institution according to H. E. Barnes?
The social structure and machinery through which society organizes and executes activities required to satisfy human needs.
6Where does education as a process of socialization start?
Informally at home and formally in academic institutions.
7What does education as an institution help develop?
Knowledge, skills, attitudes, and understanding to make people competent members of society.
8What do functionalists suggest about education?
It maintains society and provides opportunity for upward social mobility and meritocracy.
9What do conflict theorists argue about education?
Education perpetuates social stratification.
10What do symbolic interactionists focus on in education?
Classroom dynamics and the effect of self-concept on grades and aspirations.
11What is education participation?
Enrollment and completion at key milestones.
12How is gender participation in enrollment in the Philippines described from 2000–2015?
There is not much difference between boys and girls in enrollment rates.
13Where does gender disparity become more noticeable in the Philippines?
In successful completion in elementary and secondary levels.
14Historically, who had higher educational attainment in Western countries?
Men.
15What is the current trend among adults aged 25 to 34 regarding educational attainment?
More women now attain higher levels of education than men in two out of three countries.
16Is the shift toward higher female attainment the same in all countries?
No, it varies across countries.
17What is one external factor affecting gender differences in achievement?
The impact of feminism.
18How did feminism affect women’s rights since the 1960s?
It led to more rights and opportunities, though equality is still not fully achieved.
19What did Angela McRobbie observe about women’s magazines from the 1970s to the 1990s?
They shifted from emphasizing marriage to showing independent women.
20What family changes occurred since the 1970s that affected girls’ attitudes toward education?
Increase in divorce, cohabitation, lone-parent families, and smaller families.
21How can an increase in divorce rate influence girls’ education?
It encourages girls to be independent and do well in school.
22What major change in women’s employment happened in 1970?
The Equal Pay Act made it illegal to pay women less than men for equal work.
23How did women’s employment rates change from 1959 to 2007?
It rose from 47% to over 70%.
24What is the “glass ceiling”?
An invisible barrier preventing women from reaching professional and managerial jobs.
25How do employment changes encourage girls in education?
They provide greater future opportunities and motivation to gain qualifications.
26What did Sharpe find when comparing girls’ ambitions in the 1970s and 1990s?
Girls shifted from prioritizing marriage to prioritizing independence and careers.
27What is one internal factor affecting gender differences in achievement?
Equal opportunities policies.
28What are GIST and WISE?
Programs encouraging girls to pursue science, technology, and engineering careers.
29How did the National Curriculum affect gender inequality?
It made boys and girls study mostly the same subjects.
30What change did Gorard link to the gender gap favoring girls after 1988?
The introduction of GCSEs and coursework.
31According to Mitsos and Browne, why are girls more successful in coursework?
They are more organized, meet deadlines, and spend more time on work.
32What did Swann and Graddol find about teacher attention?
Boys attract more attention and speaking opportunities.
33How do teachers interact differently with girls compared to boys?
Teachers interact more positively with girls because discussions focus on schoolwork.
34Why might girls receive more positive teacher responses?
They are seen as cooperative and better at group work and listening.
35How were women portrayed in textbooks in the 1970s?
As housewives and mothers.
36What effect did removing stereotypes from textbooks have?
It improved girls’ achievement and removed barriers.
37How do league tables influence gender achievement according to Jackson?
They favor girls because schools prefer high achievers, often girls, and see boys as “liability students.”
38What gender differences exist in fields of study at the tertiary level?
Women are over-represented in humanities, arts, education, health, and welfare.
39In what fields are young men over-represented in tertiary education?
Mathematics, computer science, engineering, manufacturing, and construction.
40Why is comparing boys and girls sometimes challenged?
Because it creates a “war of the sexes” and measures one group against another.
41What is the problem with using a male/female binary in education studies?
It silences other forms of gender and sexuality and can lead to oppression.
42What is a gender regime in schools?
Observable patterns of gender relations that reproduce and reinforce masculinity and femininity.
43Where are gendered practices reproduced and maintained?
In schools.
44What did Kessler et al. define gender regime as?
A pattern of practices that constructs masculinity and femininity and orders them by prestige and power.
45What can inclusion programs change in schools?
School culture and its gender regime.
46How does education reinforce gender norms?
By helping current systems and expectations persist.
47How can education also promote change regarding gender norms?
By widening mental horizons and making people receptive to new ideas.
48What did Kofi Annan say about education?
It is a human right with immense power to transform and supports freedom, democracy, and sustainable development.