Unit 2 - Molecular Biology

attracts animals used for seed dispersal (hexose)

respiratory substrate used to create ATP (hexose)

part of RNA nucleotides (pentose)

part of DNA nucleotides

glucose + glucose

glucose + fructose

glucose + glactose

1,4 glycosidic bond and is an energy source by germinating seeds (2xglucose)

form taken by sugar when it is transported in the phloem of plants

nutrition of newborn babies

- alpha glucose

- 1,4 glycosidic bond

- glucose storage in plants

- alpha glucose

- 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bond

- glucose storage in plants

- alpha glucose

- 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

- glucose storage in animals

- beta glucose

- 1,4 glycosidic bond

- component of plant cell walls

NH_2

COOH

amino acid + amino acid

monomers --> polymers with water as a by-product

polymers --> monomers using water

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

solids

liquid

H on the same side on the carbon double bond, causes a bent fatty acid chain

H on opposite sides on the carbon double bond, no bend in the molecule

phosphate group + 2 fatty acids

efficient storage, thermal insulation, protection, buoyancy, membranes, hormones

- quickly digested and used, excess stored as fat

- fast release of energy

- needs less oxygen to release energy

- 17 KJg ^-1

- used for storage

- slow release of energy

- needs more oxygen

- 38KJg ^-1

- digested quickly

- muscles use energy

- muscle is lost when calories are restricted

- 16 KJg ^-1

uneven distribution of charges

attraction between similar molecules

gives cohesive forces great strength

resists an object trying to penetrate the surface

causes surface tension

attraction between different molecules

caused by the combination of adhesive and cohesive forces

molecules that are able to dissolve in water

molecules that are insoluble in water as they do not have negative/positive charges and are nonpolar

water will dissolve:

molecules transported in the blood

Which part of the lipoprotein complex faces the outside?

covers fats in a layer of phospholipid molecules

sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

amino acids folded into two stable configurations

helix shape, spiral, hydrogen bonds between amino and carboxyl groups

pleated sheet, parallel chains of amino acids, hydrogen bonds between amine and carboxyl groups

secondary structure folds onto intself, held by bonds between amino acid side chains (R group)

2 or more polypeptide structures joined together, can contain non-peptide components (can be in any structure)

bonds between two non-polar R groups

bonds occuring between amino acids containing sulfur

bonds between 2 polar R groups

bonds between oppositely charged R groups

all of the genes of a cell, tissue, or organism

all of the proteins produced by a cell, tissure, or an organism

used to make webs and other structures, quarternary structure composed of spidroin 1 and 2 proteins

increase blood sugar levels
- produced in the pancreas
- converts glucose from glycogen to glucose which is released into the blood

decrease blood sugar levels
- produced in the pancreas
- converts glucose to glycogen which is stored in the liver

abundant protein, fiber like structure used to make connective tissue

proteins made to fight diseases, also act as cell-surface receptors for antigens

facilitates the reaction between carbon dioxide and ribulose diphosphate as the starting steps of photosynthesis, found in plant chloroplasts

act as enzyes by catalysing organic reactions taking place in the organism

play an important role in the structural role in the physiology and anatomy of the body while providing external shape, support, and form

the entire set of proteins expressed by a genome, cell, tissue, or organism (all proteins that can be synthesised by the cell)

helps to form the tissues of hair, nails, and outer layer of the skin, found on the cells on the lining of organs, glands, and other parts of the body

The main function is to allow the tissues in your body to stretch out and shrink back. Elastin gives our arteries stretchy characteristics that make it easier to pump blood away from the heart.

- transfers oxygen in the blood from the lungs to tissues
- iron containing protein
- two-way respiratory carrier
- found in red blood cells
- moves carbon dioxide out of cells into the lungs where it will be expelled out of the body

- converts chemical energy in the form of ATP to mechanical energy
- involved in growth and tissue formation, metabolism, reproduction
- role in muscle contraction
- generates movement