Toxicology Exam 2

Periportal zone, Intermediary zone, Pericentral zone.

Cells in the liver, are responsible for a variety of cellular functions including carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism, detoxification, and immune cell activation to maintain liver homeostasis.

Make and secrete bile and to process and purify the blood containing newly absorbed nutrients. Detoxification of blood.

The liver breaks down harmful substances into metabolites which are excreted via bile in the form of feces or by the blood into urine.

The livers function is xenobiotic metabolism, the liver also has biotransformation enzymes which helps in xenobiotic detoxification or breakdown.

Liver, Albumin is secreted from the liver.

Phase I: Hydrolysis, Oxidation, Reduction reaction that can also become substrates for phase II. Phase II: Yields a large polar metabolite by adding endogenous hydrophilic groups to form water-soluble inactive compounds that can be excreted by the body.

Secreted bile salts are mostly old recycled and 5% newly synthesized bile salts. 95% of bile salts are reabsorbed by small intestine. 5% of bile salts are lost in feces. Reabsorbed bile salts are recycled by enterohepatic circulation.

Break down fats and excretes waste from the liver.

A protein, maintains osmotic pressure, binds and transports various substances like hormones, drugs etc. in blood, and neutralizes free radicals.

Bilirubin is the product of heme breakdown, bilirubin is transported in plasma binded to albumin. Bilirubin is excreted via urine or feces.

Bilirubin toxicity results from its lipid soluble properties, this allows it to cross the blood brain barrier. High levels of bilirubin can be harmful and cause jaundice or cirrhosis.

High blood flow, Concentration of waste, High biotransformation activity of both endo and exogenous compounds. Storage of essential compounds like glycogen, iron, co-accumulation of toxins.

Liver Fibrosis, accumulate collagen scar tissue forms (hepatitis). Cirrhosis, scar tissues make liver defective. Cholestasis, stoppage of bile flow.

Acetaminophen, Ethanol, Carbon tetrachloride.

Maintains homeostasis, Waste excretion, Blood filtration.

Capsule - Membrane covers kidney, Cortex - layer of tissue that recieves bulk of blood flow. Medulla - Interior zone of kidney. Nephron - Functional unit. Glomerus - Site of filtration.

Reduced filtration rate, The increased pressure within your blood vessels can damage the tiny filtering structures called nephrons in the kidneys.

Increased concentration of P450 enzymes creates risk of reactive intermediates. High mitochondrial activity can lead to water and oxygen concentrations that will lead to a reactive oxygen species. (ROS can disrupt normal physiology)

Heavy metals, antibiotics, herbicides, melamine.

Renal clearance is the process by which a substance in blood is filtered in the kidneys and then excreted in the urine.

TLC and Column Chromatography