1Analyzing urine
URINALYSIS
25th Century BC
Hippocrates
3Hippocrates wrote a book on
UROSCOPY
5Color charts has how many colors
20 different colors
7Thomas Bryant published a book about
PISSED PROPHETS
9Frederick Dekkers discovered
ALBUMINURIA
10Presence of albumin in urine
ALBUMINURIA
11protein that should not belon to the urine
ALBUMIN
13Who invented the microscope
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
14he developed the methods in quantitating urinary sediments
THOMAS ADDIS
16Richard Bright introduced what
concept of urinalysis
171930
Urinalysis began to disappear
18It is from the filtration of blood in the kidney
URINE
19Urine is composed of
95% water and 5% solids
20filtered plasma in Urine
170,000 mL
21Average normal urine output
1,200 mL
22Organic components of urine
Urea, Creatinine, Uric Acid
23Product of protein and amino acid metabolism
UREA
24Product of creatinine metabolism by muscles
CREATININE
25Product of nucleic acid breakdown in food and cells
URIC ACID
26INORGANIC SUBSTANCES OF URINE
Chloride, Sodium, Potassium, Phosphate, Ammonium, Calcium
27Found in combination with sodium and many other inorganic substances
CHLORIDE
28Primarily from salt, varies by intake
SODIUM
29Combined witht chloride and another salts
POTASSIUM
30Combined with sodium to buffer the blood
PHOSPHATE
31Regulates blood and tissue fluids acidity
AMMONIUM
32Combines witth chloride, sulfate, and phosphate
CALCIUM
33Urine has what
Water, Solute, Organic and Inorganic substances
34Determined by body's state of hydration
URINE VOLUME
35Urine volume is influenced by what
Fluid intake, Non-renal fluids loss, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) variations, Excretion of large amounts of dissolved solids
36It is responsible for preventing too much urinate
ADH
37Too much ADH means
Low urinate
38Low ADH means
High urinate
39Normal range of urine
600 to 2000 mL
40Pathologic conditions of urine
Oliguria, Anuria, Nocturia, Polyuria
41Decrease in urine output — state of dehydration
Oliguria
42Result of excessive water loss is from
Vomiting, Diarrhea, Perspiration, Sever burns
43Urine output for Infants
1mL/kg/hr
44Urine output for children
0.5mL/kg/hr
45Urine output for Adults
400 mL/day
46Cessation of urine flow — absence of urine
ANURIA
47Increased urine excretion at night
Nocturia
48Increased daily urine volume
Polyuria
49Polyuria is associated with
Diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus
50state where you are always thirsty
Polydipsia
51type of diabetes if your ADH is low
diabetes insipidus
52type of diabetes if your glucose is high - decrease of insulin
Diabetes mellitus
53Specimen must be collected in
Clean, dry, leak-proof containers
54Specimen labelling
Patient's name, Identification number, date and time of collection
55part where labels must be attached
container
56specimen should always have a
test request
57Specimen rejection
Unlabeled containers, non-matching labels and requisition forms
58Specimen should be delivered within
2 hrs
59refrigeration at
2 - 8°C
60refrigerated until cultured up to
24hrs
61room temperature before chemical testing by
reagent strip
62ideal preservative should be
bactericidal
6324hrs collection sample for adult
600 - 2000mL/24hrs
6424hrs collection sample for less than 1yr old
100-500mL/hrs
6524hrs collection sample for 1-14 yrs old
500-1,400mL/24hrs
66Analyte changes in unpreserved urine - Decreased
Clarity, Glucose, Ketones, Bilirubin, Urobilinogen, Red & WBC and Casts, Trichomonas
67Analyte changes in unpreserved urine - Increased
Odor, pH, Nitrite, Bacteria
68Urine Preservatives
Refrigeration, Boric Acid, Formalin, Sodium Fluoride, Urine Collection Kits
69Preservative that do not interfere with chemical tests
Refrigeration
70Preservative that prevents bacterial growth and metabolism
Boric Acid
71Excellent sediment preservative
Formalin (Formaldehyde)
72Good preservative for drug analyses
Sodium Fluoride
73Type of specimen for Clinical Chemistry (most commonly received specimen)
Random
74Random may vary due to
Dietary and Physical activity
75Purpose of random specimen
Routine screening
76Type of specimen for Pregnancy tests and Orthostatic proteinuria (ideal screening)
First morning (concentrated specimen)
77begin and end the collection with and empty bladder (accurate timed specimen)
24 Hour
78Purpose of 24 Hour
Quantitative Chemical Test (Catecholamines, electrolytes, 17 hydroxysteroids
79Collected under sterile condition - measure individual's kidney
Catheterized
80Purpose of Catheterized
Bacterial Culture
81Alternative to catheterized specimen - less traumatic
Midstream Clean-Catch
82Purpose of Midstream Clean-Catch
Routine screening and Bacterial culture
83Specimen for pediatric patient
Suprapubic Aspiration (néedle + aspirate
84Purpose of Suprapubic Aspiration
Bladder Urine for Bacterial culture, Cytology
85Specimen for prostatic infection
Three-glass Collection
862nd specimen after First Morning - does not contain metabolites
Fasting specimen
87Purpose of Fasting specimen
Glucose Monitoring