1Mineralogy
– the study of minerals
2MINERALS
The building blocks of rocks. contains elements or compounds found naturally on the crust of the earth.
3HOW ARE FOSSIL FUELS FORMED
From under the water ~ then after million years titigas and magiging fossil fuels
4FOSSIL FUELS
are natural sources of fuel that formed through geological processes
5FOSSIL FUELS
They have been used as sources of heat and medicine by early civilizations. They remain as primary sources of energy until today.
6TYPES OF FOSSIL FUELS
COAL
PETROLEUM
NATURAL GAS
7HOW COAL ARE FORMED
- From the remains of plants
8COAL
- Solid ; rock !
- From swamp (300m yrs ago), the plants were buried under the swamp (water, dirt) then through heat and pressure on millions of years, it turned to coal.
12- From tiny animals (Sea animals) then after million years naging rock na may water – the water is the petroleum / oil.
HOW PETROLEUM IS FORMED
13- Composed primarily of Hydrogen and carbon
NATURAL GAS IS COMPOSED
15NATURAL GAS
- Kailangan pigain yung marshes (plants) -- then magiging bio gas or biofuel then iffilter ng iffilter then magiging oil to use for energy
- natural oil
- from Marine organism ; plants ; algae
16ENERGY RESOURCE
is something that can produce heat, power life, move objects, or produce electricity.
17FUEL
Matter that stores energy.
18HUMAN ENERGY
consumption has grown steadily throughout human history. Early humans had modest energy requirements, mostly food and fuel for fires to cook and keep warm.
19RENEWABLE ENERGY
• Solar
• Biomass
• Hydropower
• Geothermal
• Wind
20NON RENEWABLE ENERGY
• Oil
• Coal
• Nuclear
• Natural gas
21ENERGY
• is the capacity to do work and is required for life processes.
22• Work = energy * distance
WORK FORMULA
23GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
• Internal energy of the earth
25GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
• an alternative source for energy production in the world.
• It is a large and reliable source of energy, second only to fossil fuels.
26• 77% fossil fuels, 23% geothermal powerplant
_% fossil fuels, __% geothermal powerplant
27• The energy may be used in two major ways: generation of electricity and heating of structures in colder regions.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY USED IN TWO MAJOR WAYS
28GEOTHERMAL POWERPLANT
USED IN GENERATING GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
29• Near volcanoes
• Hot spring, hot water – then may tube (parang vacuum) – hihiwalayin yung steam from the water – pasok sa tubine (to process,, iikot para mahiwalay yung water) -- kukunin heat energy – then generator to convert -– cooling tower para condensation magiging water ulit -- tapos ibabalik through injection well
GEOTHERMAL POWERPLANT HOW AND WHAT
30second most
• Worldwide, Philippines is the ___provider for geothermal energy. 1st US 2,500 GGW,, 2ND PH 1,095GGW (giga watts)
31• Hydroelectric energy
produced by the force of moving and flowing water.
32HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY
• It is harnessed from water resources that have tendencies to flow or to fall from a certain height.
33• This energy depends on the water cycle for replenishing resources and the kinetic energy from the flow or fall of water.
HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY DEPENDS
34. Ancient Romans ; turn turbines that helped them grind grains.
• Hydroelectric energy is not a newly-discovered source of energy__ have used it to __
35Watermills
• __ that functioned as grain and lumber cutters were powered by moderately flowing water.
36Ideal sources of hydroelectric energy
• ?___are large, fast-flowing rivers, and waterfalls.
37flow of water (rate and volume) and the height difference between the water source and outflow.
The two main factors considered in selecting a good source of hydroelectric energy are the --
38hydroelectricity
- renewable
- turbines and generators
- when turbines spins, it makes electricity
- river
- dam - controls the flow of the river
- large - <30
- small 100 kw
- micro less than >100
39dam
- controls the flow of the river
40cost competitive, reliable, base load power, flood control, water supply
HYDROELECTRICITY BENEFITS
41changing wildlife habitat, dam failure, greenhouse emissions (during constructions, cement), methane
HYDROELECTRICITY CONCERNS
42GENERATOR
converts mechanical or KE to electricity
430.5% && 2.6%
___ lang pwedeng mainom,,___ nasa glaciers (huge ice) pa
44desalination process
- pag turn ng ocean water to potable water
45SOIL
• particular land or debris that is composed of organic matter.
46SOIL
• non-renewable resource - kasi may nutrients siya na need ng thousands of years to produce
47Factors Affecting Soil Quality and Quantity
- Human activities affect the quality and quantity of soil. Some activities cause its quality to diminish while some affect the amount of soil available. Other activities can even affect both the quality and quantity of soil.
48
HORIZON - HUMUS
HORIZON - TOPSOIL
HORIZON - ELEVATION LAYER
HORIZON - SUBSOIL
HORIZON - REGOLITH
HORIZON - BEDROCK
LAYERS OF THE SOIL
49HORIZON - HUMUS
o pertains to organic material from when plant or animal decays
o kung san binabaon yung dead animals / plants
50HORIZON - TOPSOIL
o responsible for seed bed
o kung saan nagtatanim, dito napproduce yung roots
o may decays padin pero meron itong from sun, silk, clay minerals
51LEACHING
- pwedeng mag erode hanggang bedrock
52E - HORIZON (ELEVATION LAYER)
o small amount of rocks and humus
53HORIZON - SUBSOIL
o composed of small particles pero small amount of rocks and humus
o may iron, minerals, nagsstore ng water
54HORIZON - REGOLITH
IN0RGANIC MATTER
55HORIZON - BEDROCK
o solid rock, hard
o may gravel - fragmented rocks
o nagssustain ng minerals sa soil like iron and prosperous
56 to lose nutrients fast
• Excessive farming causes the soil___. After some time, the soil may not be able to sustain plant life anymore because of nutrient loss. Fertilizers and pesticides used in farming may harm the soil because chemicals in them can kill the microorganisms that help the soil be fertile.
57 soil salinization (Addition of salt
• Irrigation could cause____) if the saltwater intruded the irrigation canals.
58Salinized soil ; super salty water
___ cannot support most plant life because of its toxicity to plants. - namamatay ang plants or microorganism because of __
59Overgrazing
• ___ could cause the loss of plant cover making the soil susceptible to erosion.
60Deforestation
• ___ for farming renders the soil more susceptible to erosion. Crops provide less anchorage than trees which could lead to soil erosion. In some countries, deforestation is done to widen the grazing fields for livestock.
61Infrastructures
• ___ connected to construction, land development, and industries affect the soil negatively.
62MINE TAILING
leakage ng chemicals sa pagmimina. Biproduct of mining. Need mo kasi ng chemical na ibubuhos para maiseperate yung mineral sa ibang soil then iiwan yung chemical na binuhos which is toxic
63MARCOPPER MINING DISASTER
– 1996. Pinakamalaking mining disaster sa pinas
64SOIL STERILIZATION
kills potential pathogenic microorganisms as well as the beneficial ones.
65DIFF TYPE OF WASTES
LIQUID WASTE
SOLID WASTE
66SOLID WASTE
. They may be in the form of food refuse, paper, plastics, wood, ashes, rubber, and metals. They are generated from different human activities.
67SOLID WASTE
considered as the most common and most abundant type of wastes
68CARBON FOOTPRINT
gaano karaming carbon dioxide gas ang nakukuha mo everyday
69LIQUID WASTE
usually come in the forms of wastewater, fats, oil and grease, household fluids, and mechanical oil
70• Mining activities
___ also cause the destruction of the soil.
• Quarrying and strip-mining cause the soil to be exposed to weathering and erosion agents.
71soil sterilization
• Chemicals used in mining can also cause ___. Oil disposed on the soil by industries can affect plant growth.
72soil poisoning
• Improperly disposed wastes by households can lead to ____ due to harmful contents present in the waste materials. These wastes also prevent the growth of plants on the soil.