1Define case study
In-depth investigation, description and analysis of an individual, group, institution or event
2+ and - of case studies
+ Rich detailed insight
+ Important cases eg. HM
+ Might generate hypotheses for further research
- Hard to generalise
- Sujective interpretation
3Define content analysis
Indirect study of behaviour by examining communications that ppl produce
4Examples of context where content analysis would be used
Texts, emails, TV, film, media
52 types of content analysis
Coding and thematic
6Define coding
Content analysis where the communication studied is analysed by counting each instance of chosen categories
7Is coding quantitative or qualitative?
Quantitative (count instances of each category)
8Define thematic analysis
Identifying implicit or explicit ideas within the data. Basically identifying themes that keep appearing
9+ and - of content analysis
+ Fewer ethical issues (data is already public)
+ High external validity
+ Can produce quantitative and qualitative data
- Indirect study of ppl, so analysis lacks context
- Subjective
10Define reliability
Consistency
112 ways of assessing reliability
Test-retest
Inter-observer
12Describe test-retest
Administer same test to same person on different occasions
13Describe inter-observer reliability
Observations of 2 or more observers are correlated
14What correlation coefficient should be exceeded to indicate a reliable result?
+.80
15Define validity
Extent to which the results are accurate
16What are all the different types of statistical tests?
Chi squared
Mann-Whitney
Unrelated t-test
Sign test
Wilcoxon
Related t-test
Spearman's rho
Pearson's r
17What are the 3 levels of measurement?
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
18What is nominal data (+ example)
Data in categories
(yes or no
blue or green)
19What is ordinal data (+ example)
Numbers in order
(Rating scales
Questionnaire scores
Test scores)
20What are the 2 categories of the test of difference?
Unrelated design (independent groups)
Related design (matched pairs and repeated measures)
21What is interval data (+ example)
Numerical scales that include units of equal, precisely define size
(Stopwatch
Thermometer
Length)
Test for:
22Nominal data and unrelated design
Chi squared
Test for:
23Nominal data and related design
Sign test
Test for:
24Nominal data and correlation
Chi squared
Test for:
25Ordinal data and unrelated design
Mann-Whitney
Test for:
26Ordinal data and related design
Wilcoxon
Test for:
27Ordinal data and correlation
Spearman's rho
Test for:
28Interval data and unrelated design
Unrelated t-test
Test for:
29Interval data and related design
Related t-test
Test for:
30Interval data and correlation
Pearson's r
31What is the level of significance used in psychology?
p ≤ 0.05 (5%)
32Describe a type 1 error
Null rejected and experimental accepted
WRONG!
33Describe a type 2 error
Null accepted and experimental rejected
WRONG!
34Which statistical tests require the calculated value to be equal to or more than the calculated value?
Chi squa*r*ed
Spea*r*man's *r*ho
Un*r*lated t-test
*R*elated t-test
Pea*r*son's *r*
(rule of r)
35Which statistical tests require the calculated value to be equal to or less than the calculated value?
Sign test
Mann-Whitney
Wilcoxon
36How do you calculate the degrees of freedom for Pearson's r?
N - 2
37How do you calculate the degrees of freedom for related t-test?
N - 1
38How do you calculate the degrees of freedom for unrelated t-test?
Na + Nb - 2
a = no. pps in condition a
b = no. pps in condition b
39What are the 6 sections of a scientific report?
Abstract
Intro
Method
Results
Discussion
References
40What are the 5 features of a science?
Paradigms/paradigm shifts
Theory construction/hypothesis testing
Falsifiability
Replicability
Objectivity/empirical method
41What is a paradigm and who suggested that it's a feature of science (+ when)?
Shared set of assumptions and methods
Kuhn (1962)
42What is a pre-science?
Lacks a universally accepted paradigm
43Define theory
Set of general laws/principles that have the ability to explain particular eventsehaviours
44Define theory construction
Process of developing an explanation for causes of behaviour by systematically gathering evidence and then organising this into a theory
45Define hypothesis testing
Key feature of a theory is that it should produce statements which can then be tested
46Who argued for falsifiability and when?
Popper (1934)
47Name Popper's 1934 theory
Hypothetico deductive method (can theory be challenged)
48What can replication be used to test?
Validity
Reliability
Generalisability
49What is falsifiability?
Scientific theories should allow for hypothesis testing and the possibility of being proven false
So theories cannot be scientific unless it admits the possibility of being false