Chapter 6 LAB - Tissues

Collections of specialized cells and cell products that perform a limited number of functions.

histology

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

linking, covering, secreting, absorbing

connects tissues physically or chemically

causes motion, generates heat

connect tissues electrically

fertilized egg

an animal embryo at the early stage of development when it is a hollow ball of cells.

Invagination of blastocyst to form gastrula.
Formation of three cell layer.

Animals that develop the mouth before the anus

Animals that develop the anus before the mouth

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

the innermost germ layer and lines the developing digestive tube and other internal organs

middle germ layer, forms muscle, the skeletal system, kidneys and the circulatory system

most exterior germ layer, forms skin, brain, the nervous system, and other tissues.

cells/tissues that secrete things, a-vascular, cell junctions, polarity, regeneration

part of the epithelia that touches open spaces

part that touches the connective tissue

separates cells from underlying connective tissues

To cover and line the surfaces of organs and body openings. First layer of protection.

protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory reception

Protects from dehydration, abrasion, destruction

Some protective barriers, some contain "machinery" for absorption, secretion

touch, vision, taste, smell

1. Move fluids over the epithelium (protection)
2. Move fluids through the epithelium (permeability)
3. Produce secretions (protection and messengers)

has an apical surface and a basal surface

increase surface area for absorption

moves stuff along the cell's surface

Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

Small tunnels that connect cells, facilitating the movement of small molecules and ions between the cells.

1. Number of cell layers in the tissue
2. Shape of apical surface cells

1. Simple = a single layer
2. Pseudostratified = a single layer so dense that the nuclei give the appearance of multiple cell layers
3. Stratified = two or more layers

1. Squamous = flat
2. Cuboidal = 3D square
3. Columnar = 3D rectangle

1. Simple Squamous
2. Simple Cuboidal (some ciliated)
3. Simple columnar (some ciliated)
4. Stratified Squamous (in skin, it is keratinized)
5. Stratified Cuboidal
6. Stratified Columnar
7. Transitional
8. Pseudostratified

connective tissues

an embryonic connective tissue

ground substance and fibers made from proteins

unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers. Can be liquid, semi-solid, gel-like or very hard

collagen, elastic, reticular

Most common fibers in connective tissue proper
Long, straight, and unbranched
Strong and flexible
Resist force in one direction
For example, tendons and ligaments

Contain elastin, branched and wavy, return to original length after stretching

Network of interwoven fibers, strong and flexible, resist force in many directions, stabilize functional cells

1. fibroblasts
2. chondroblasts
3. osteoblasts
4. hematopoietic stem cells
5. adipocytes

cells that secrete fibrous proteins like elastin and collagen

cartilage forming cells

bone forming cells

found in red bone marrow and forms blood cells

fat cells

stem cells that respond to injury or infection

They are big eaters that engulf debris, foreign materials, bacteria, and viruses.

Stimulate inflammation after injury or infection. Release histamine and heparin.

specialized innumerable cells in lymphatic system.

1. connective tissue proper(loose CT & dense CT)
2. cartilages
3. bone
4. fluid connective tissue

1. loose - areolar, reticular, adipose
2. dense - dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

1. hyaline
2. elastic
3. fibrocartilage

1. blood
2. lymph

found under many mucous membranes and right under epithelium of skin - hold blood vessels and capillary beds (areolar CT - loose)

1. white fat
2. brown fat

Most common
Stores fat
Absorbs shocks
Slows heat loss (insulation)

1. more vascularized tissue
2. fat breakdown accelerates when stimulated by nervous system, releasing energy
3. absorbs energy from surrounding tissues

1. loose ground substance with many reticular fiber networks
2. forms soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types
3. forms a structural framework for organ cells in many organs/tissues
4. found in lymph nodes, bone marrow and the spleen

1. primarily parallel collagen fibers
2. a few elastic fibers
3. major cell type is the fibroblast
4. attaches muscles to bone and bone to bone
5. found in tendons and ligaments
6. poorly vascularized

1. collagen fibers with some elastic fibers
2. major cell type is fibroblasts
3. withstands tension in many directions
4. major tissue found in the dermis of skin, digestive tract and fibrous oran capsules

cartilage and bone

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

1. most common and hardest
2. amorphous, firm matrix with a network of collagen fibers
3. chondroblast and chondrocytes lie in lacunae
4. supports, reinforces, cushions, and resists compression
5. found in embryonic skeleton, end of long bones, nose, trachea, larynx, connects ribs to sternum

1. similar to hyaline but with more elastic fibers
2. lacunae are much closer together with visible elastic fibers
3. flexible
4. maintains shape and structure while allowing flexibility
5. not very common-supposts external ear and epiglottis

1. blend of hyaline and elastic
2. matrix less firm with thick collagen fibers
3. provides tensile strength and absorbs compression shock
4. smaller lacunae, farther apart in small groupings
5. found in inter-vertebral discs, the pubic symphysis and discs of the knee joint

1. hard, calcified matrix with collagen fibers
2. osteocytes are found in lacunae and bone is well vascularized
3. Other bone cells are osteoclasts (bone breakers) and osteoblasts (bone makers)
4. supports, protects and provides levers for muscular action
5. stores calcium, minerals and fat
6. red bone marrow inside bones
7. compact bone is found in the shafts of most bones
8. spongy bone is typical for flat bones and ends of long bones

1. blood contained within the heart or blood vessels
2. Mature red blood cells have no nucleus
3. functions in transport of respiratory gases, defense and immune response and blood clotting

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

red blood cells

white blood cells

platelets

1. single layer of cells with different heights
2. nuclei are seen at different layers
3. function in secretion and propulsion of mucus
located in the trachea (ciliated) and sperm-carrying ducts (non-ciliated)

1. thickest epithelia composed of many layers (more than 5)
2. function - protection(skin epidermis and every entrance and exit point into the body)
3. if inside body - non-keratinized
4. if outside body - keratinized

exocrine and endocrine

1. release hormones into bloodstream
2. duct-less
3. not all are epithelial derivatives

1. almost all are derived from epithelial tissues
2. named according to function(saliva gland, sebaceous gland)
3. secrete through ducts onto the surface of the gland

1. found in ducts of exocrine glands(sweat and mammary)
2. two -three cell layers

1. limited distribution. 2-3 layers thick
2. found in pharynx, male urethra, and linking some glandular ducts

1. not more than 3 layers of cells
2. surface cells are cuboidal to dome shaped
3. stretches to permit the dissension of the bladder
4. only found in urinary system

brain, spinal cord, nerves

1. neurons
2. neuroglia cells

1. cell body with nucleus (soma)
2. dendrites: small extension that receive signals from other neurons
3. axon: longer extension via which the electrical signal propagates

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

1. striated (showing vertical lines)
2. cells are long and run parallel along the muscle
3. cell are multi-nucleated (many nuclei per cell)
4. voluntary muscle cells

1. striated (vertical lines)
2. cells are microscopic short, rectangular, connect one to another via intercalated disc
3. disc have gap junction and allow cell to cell communication
4. one nucleus per cell
5. in-voluntary

1. no striations
2. cells are microscopic short, spindle-like, one nucleus per cell
3. in-voluntary