Neurology

excitatory neurotransmitter produced at the raphe nuclei of the brainstem, decreased during NREM sleep, and almost absent during REM
sleep

It is an excitatatory neurotransmitter produced in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and hypothalamus of the brain

This inhibitory neurotransmitter is produced in the pineal gland, is located below the corpus callusom and part of the endocrine system.

The neurons that produce these neurotransmitters are located in the perifornical area of the dorsolateral hypothalamus and project to all the areas of the CNS and
spinal cord. Activation of these neurons during wakefulness is produced by
intrinsic depolarization and by glutamatergic activation

is an excitatory neurotransmitter important in cognitive function.
Levels of this neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus and cortex are elevated during wakefulness and during REM sleep.

These are the neurotransmitters that binds to both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.

An Optic chiasm lesion, usually related to pituitary tumor,will result in____________with loss of the temporal or lateral visual field from each eye

is a visual field defect that affects the opposite side of the eye from the side of a brain lesion.

CN III damage that results to inability to raise the eyelid on the affected side

A CN III palsy would result in a dilated pupil or __________ on the affected side

A CN III palsy would results in an unequal pupil size or ___________ with the affected pupil wider than the non affected side

Is a pathological condition related to CN V function and characterized by brief but repeated sharp pain in the distributions of the Trigeminal nerve often accompanied by motor tics of facial muscles ( through CN VII) which occur reflexively

A lesion to CN ____ will result in anaesthesia and loss of general senses of the face and anterior head on the affected side, including the Ipsilateral corneal sensation. Therefore both Ipsilateral and consensual corneal reflex will be lost

paralysis of upper and lower face on the affected side occurs.

Failure of sound conduction to the cochlea

due to failure of action potential procedure or transmission due to disease of the cochlea, cochlear nerve, or cochlear central connections.

a bilateral or dominant posterior temporal lobe( auditory cortex) lesion produces a failure to understand spoken language despite preserved hearing

Sensation of ringing,buzzing ,pulsing, hissing, or singing quality.

These cranial nerve forms the gag reflex

The person with an ____________ nerve lesion would exhibit the unique combination of weakness of the neck to the opposite side and weakness/paralysis in elevating the scapula in the ipsilateral side.

Lesion to this cranial nerve results in paralysis of the tongue with significant difficulty with speech, chewing and swallowing

You directed the pen light on the L eye and the L pupil constricted but the R eye did not constrict, what is the CN affectation and its laterality

most common primary tumor

Astrocytoma Grade- less common low-grade astrocytomas including the psilocybin type

Astrocytoma Grade- anaplastic astrocytomas

Astrocytoma Grade- Diffuse types(fibrillation, protoplasmic and gemistocytic

Astrocytoma Grade- the most malignant type- glioblastoma occurs most frequently and widely infiltrates surrounding tissues

Occurs anywhere throughout the ventricular system and spinal canal, but is particularly common in the 4th ventricle and Caudia equina

Rare tumor and uncommon cause of hydrocephalus

Arises from arachnoid granulations

AKA neurolimmoma or neurinoma is a slow growing tumor of schwann cells

Tumor of schwann cells , fibrolasts and perineureal-like cells producing a fusiform expansion through which nerve fibers run.

BA for Primary Somatosensory Cortex

BA for primary visual cortex

BA for primary auditory cortex

BA for Broca's area/ motor speech programming

is used to describe a complete absence of the sense of smell.

Abnormal visual acuity in which the person cannot see clearly at distances

Abnormal visual acuity in which the person can see most clearly at distances but can not see things up close.

Abnormal Visual Acuity in which the lens of the eyes becomes cloudy or opaque, it also allow less light from the environment to reach the retina

A patchy or sporadic distribution of visual field loss can occur from the patchy CNS demyelination of
multiple sclerosis.

You directed the pen light on the L eye and it did not constrict however the R eye constricted , what is the nerve affectation and the laterality

describes an affected eye that is deviated laterally

describes an affected eye that is medially deviated

If the eyes appear to be differently aligned but the reflection of room lights are similarly placed on each cornea.

inward turning of the eye

Outward turning of the eye

Upward turning of the eye

Location of Weber Syndrome

Location of Benedict syndrome

Locked in Syndrome Location

Millard-Gubler Syndrome Location

Wallenburg Syndrome Location

What cranial nerve supplied the Lateral Rectus muscles of the Eye

What Cranial nerve supplies the superior oblique muscles of the eye

What Cranial Nerve supplies the Medial rectus, Inferior Oblique, Superior Rectus, and Inferior Rectus muscles of the eye

an illusion of rotatory movement due to disturbed orientation of the body in space. The sufferer may sense that the environment is moving. Vertigo may result from disease of the labyrinth,
vestibular nerve or their central connections

Transient attacks of vertigo, associated with a change in head position

You noticed the pt. has a difficulty elevating their L eye( look upward) , what muscle is affected?

You noticed the pt. L eye is elevated and adducted, what eye muscles are weak?

You noticed the pt. eye is medially deviated, what eye muscle is weak?

You noticed the pt. eye is laterally deviated , what muscles are weak?

Benzodiazepines used to treat insomnia , except:

Melatonin receptor agonist:

Tricyclic antidepressant

Orexin receptor agonist:

promotes wakefulness via excitatory effects on the nuclei of the RAS and inhibitory effects on the sleep-active projection neurons of the
VLPO

It is predominantly located in the locus ceruleus of the brain stem.These neurons fire during wakefulness, diminish activity during NREM sleep, and are quiet during REM sleep.

Associated with difficulty in initiating and maintaining sleep, characterized by frequent awakening or problems returning to sleep after awakenings, as well as early-morning awakening
with inability to return to sleep.

Excessive sleepiness with recurrent periods of sleep or lapses into sleep within the day lasting for more than 9 hours per day and has difficulty being fully awake after abrupt awakening.

Recurrent periods of an irrepressible need to sleep,lapsing into sleep, or
napping occurring within the day.

Pressure for sleep builds up in our body as our
time awake increases

refers to the internal clock in humans that regulates sleep–wake cycles.

Unusual behaviors during sleep, such as sleepwalking,sleep talking, or night terrors

Presents with pauses in breathing during sleep, often accompanied by snoring