MNT for Diabetes Mellitus

characterized by a failure of control of energy production

What are the long-term consequences of diabetes? (3)

What are the risk factors for diabetes? (3)

Diabetes predisposition can be inherited but influenced by _______

______ insulin demand
______ insulin action
______ insulin production

If the defect is in the pancreas, there may be inadequate number of __________________

Insulin is initially synthesized as ______ and later converted into active insulin through proteolysis.

Which hormones stimulate insulin production? (4)

What are the functions of insulin? (5)

What are the three primary actions of insulin?

What are the catabolic hormones for insulin? (3)

Insulin promotes the conversion of glucose into ________, _______, ______, and _____, resulting in a lowering of blood glucose concentration.

a consequence of reduced peripheral uptake and utilization of glucose and the
increased production of glucose by the liver.

In insulin deficiency, the production of glucose from glucose precursors (2)

In untreated diabetic individuals, there is a lack of ____ and excess of ____

Even though food intake is in excess. only a ____ amount of glucose is converted into glycogen due to the lack of insulin. Glucose remains in the blood.

Untreated diabetics have a ___ nitrogen balance, ____ lean body mass, and weight ___.

are those that can be reversed quickly with the adjustment of blood glucose level

are largely the consequence of microvascular lesions.

usually defined as blood glucose <70 mg/dl, is also known as an insulin reaction or insulin shock. It occurs when blood glucose concentrations become subnormal.

This type of acute complication can occur in extreme levels of hyperglycemia, but acidosis does not develop. Typical in patients more than 50 years old and non-insulin dependent diabetes

Where excess glucose is converted into sorbitol and fructose in the blood.

Where there is increased synthesis of glycoproteins in diabetics.

where larger proportions of carbohydrate lead to greater amount of glucose available to their synthetic pathway, thus may cause alterations in their structure.

Anatomic and physiologic lesions include? (4)

disease in large blood vessels, small blood vessels?

progresses without symptoms until renal failure is far advanced.

It may occur in either the sensory or motor nerves or both.

_________ in the diabetics is a common cause of blindness.

determined in venous or capillary blood or plasma from an individual following an overnight fast, usually eight hours. ___mg/dL is indicative of diabetes

A high____ concentration will fall only as cells die and are replaced by
new cells, but will not fall with a temporary decrease in the blood
glucose level. More or equal to _% indicates diabetes

is recommended to establish a diagnosis of diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance in asymptomatic individuals whose FPG is between 110 and 140 mg/dl of plasma. It is based on the assumption that a normal individual can remove a specified glucose load from the blood within a specified period.

A __ g glucose solution in a 15-25% lemon flavored solution must be ingested within __ minutes, and hourly glucose content of plasma samples is determined.

is when diabetic individuals are taught how to monitor their blood glucose, keep records of their values so that adjustments can be made to respond to fluctuations in blood glucose levels.

HbA1c is also used as a monitoring tool to indicate the average blood glucose level over the previous ___ to _____-month period,

What are the specific objectives for MNT? (5)

What are the four facets of nutritional care?

stimulate the release of preformed insulin from the pancreas.

What are the three types of insulin?

Limit protein intake for adults to ___ g/kg body weight

CHO? FAT?

saturated fat and polyunsaturated fat comprising __% or less each and monounsaturated fat the remaining __% or more

Restrict cholesterol intake to ___ mg/day or less

Carbohydrates should be unrefined with fiber to equal up to __ g soluble fiber per day

Restrict sodium intake to ____ mg per 1000 kcal

Estimating total calorie needs is based on?

are compounds that give sweetness without contributing significantly to calories and do not cause dental caries.

They are essentially free and at least ___ times sweeter than sucrose.