Muscular system

Tissues that contract to produce movement.

Ligaments connect bones to other bones.

Tendons connect muscles to bones.

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.

Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and enables voluntary movement.

Smooth muscle is found in organs and is involuntary.

Cardiac muscle makes up the heart and is involuntary.

An agonist muscle contracts to produce movement.

An antagonist muscle opposes the movement of an agonist.

Voluntary muscles are under conscious control, while involuntary muscles operate without conscious thought.

Hiccups are caused by involuntary contractions of the diaphragm.

Actin and myosin

ATP provides the energy required for muscle contraction.

A system that uses creatine phosphate in muscles to rapidly produce ATP for short, intense activities.

A system that breaks down glucose anaerobically to produce ATP for moderate-duration, high-intensity activities.

An aerobic system that generates ATP for long-duration, lower-intensity activities.

Lactic acid is produced during high-intensity activities when oxygen is limited and can signal the brain to reduce exertion.

A condition where the inner core of an intervertebral disc pushes out through a tear, causing pain and nerve pressure.

Pain that radiates along the sciatic nerve, often caused by a herniated disc pressing on the nerve.

Narrowing of spaces within the spine that can press on nerves, causing pain and weakness.

A degenerative joint disease that affects spinal joints, causing stiffness and pain.

Pacemaker cells generate electrical impulses that set the regular rhythm of the heart.

A wave-like muscle movement that propels food through the digestive tract.

A disorder where the esophagus doesn't contract well, making it difficult for food to enter the stomach.

Delayed stomach emptying due to damaged nerves, leading to nausea and bloating.

Muscle tissue makes up about 40% of total body weight.

The human body has over 600 muscles.

The annulus fibrosus is the outer fibrous ring of intervertebral discs, providing structure and stability.

The nucleus pulposus is the gel-like core of intervertebral discs that absorbs shock.

A condition where intervertebral discs deteriorate over time, often causing pain

A condition where one vertebra slips forward over the vertebra below it, potentially compressing nerves.

An exaggerated forward rounding of the upper back, often due to osteoporosis or congenital issues.

A sideways curvature of the spine, usually idiopathic, with no known exact cause.

Specialized junctions in cardiac muscle that allow rapid, coordinated spread of electrical signals for synchronized heart contractions.

The ability of cardiac muscle to contract rhythmically without external stimulation.

The SA node is the primary pacemaker of the heart, setting the heart’s rhythm by spontaneously depolarizing.

The Bundle of His transmits electrical impulses from the AV node to the ventricles, ensuring sequential contraction.

Purkinje fibers distribute electrical impulses throughout the ventricles for efficient heart contractions.