MNT for Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders: Part 1

What are the eight major glands of the endocrine system? (TPAPPTOT)

Releases specific hormones that travel through the blood to other cells of the body and help control or coordinate many body processes.

The endocrine system affects all aspects of body function, including:

The levels of hormones are abnormally high or low or the body does not respond to hormones the way it is supposed to

Happens when any abnormal chemical reaction in the body disturbs the process of metabolism.

These are genetic errors caused by defects in specific proteins (enzymes) needed to effectively process or transport small molecules such as amino acids, fatty acids, sugars, and metals.

Metabolic processes may be impaired due to (2)

leads to inability to produce the much-needed end product

NBS is done ________________ from birth of the infant.

The goals of medical nutrition therapy are to:
1. Maintain _______________ for the affected pathway;
2. Provide _____________to support typical growth and development
3. Support ______ and ________ development.

A genetically inherited birth defect that causes an unwanted buildup of the amino acid phenylalanine in the blood.

The buildup of phenylalanine in Phenylketonuria (PKU) results from the absence or deficiency of what enzyme? It converts phenylalanine to ____?

Clinical findings/diagnosis: blood phenylyalanine of > _-_ mg/dL

What is the MNT for PKU?

Galactosemia refers to the failure to metabolize galactose into glucose because of the absence of what enzyme?

What is the MNT for Galactosemia?

What is the defective enzyme?
Maple syrup urine disease

What is the defective enzyme?
Homocystinuria

What is the defective enzyme?
Tyrosinosis

What is the defective enzyme?
Citrullinemia

What is the defective enzyme?
Arginosuccinic aciduria

What is the defective enzyme?
Organic acidemias Methylmalonic aciduria

What is the defective enzyme?
Propionic acidemia

What is the defective enzyme?
(von Gierke’s disease)

What is the defective enzyme?
(acid maltase deficiency)

What is the defective enzyme?
debranching enzyme defect

What is the defective enzyme?
reduced hepatic phosphorylase activity

What is the MNT for Amino Acid and Urea Cycle Metabolic Disorders?

What is the MNT for CHO and Glycogen Metabolic Disorders?

refers to abnormally low glucose level in blood that occurs when the body utilized glucose too rapidly, rate of release of glucose falls behind tissue demands, or excess insulin enters the bloodstream.

When body detects that the blood glucose levels fall too low, the pancreas releases ______.

Glucagon then released stored glucose in the ____ to raise glucose levels in the blood.

______ is also released, causing the symptoms of weakness, fatigue, sweating, and tachycardia

This may occur in individuals with diabetes due to administration of too much insulin or oral diabetes medications.

This usually results from excess insulin or insulin-like substances that are secreted as a result of external factors such as alcohol or drug ingestion, tumors, hepatic disease and chronic renal insufficiency.

Hypoglycemia is characterized by history of hypoglycemic symptoms, fasting blood glucose level of ≤ __ mg/dL,

Symptoms of hypoglycemia manifest when the plasma glucose levels reach __ mg/dL

This for reactive hypoglycemia to slow gastric emptying and intestinal motility and inhibit vagal stimulation of insulin release.

For fasting hypoglycemia: Non-diuretic, inhibit insulin secretions

What is not included in the MNT for Reactive Hypoglycemia?

Refers to an excessive secretion of thyroxine, the hormone that regulates basal metabolic rate. Also called?

Hyperthyroidism is commonly caused by ________, an autoimmune disease resulting in excessive production of thyroid hormones.

In Grave’s disease an antibody, __________, mistakenly targets TSH receptors on the thyroid cells. It stimulates secretion and growth of the thyroid in a manner similar to thyroid stimulating hormone,

measure the levels of the thyroid hormones, T4and T3

Measures thyroid function by determining how much iodine is taken up by the thyroid gland

Performed at the same time as the iodine uptake test as it also requires that a patient take radioactive iodine, which then concentrates in the thyroid gland.

What is the MNT for Hyperthyroidism?

characterized by decreased production and secretion of thyroid hormones due to iodine deficiency.

_______ infiltration of heart tissue results in decreased contractility, cardiac enlargement, pericardial effusion, decreased pulse rate, and decreased cardiac output.

Infiltration of the GI tract can cause _________ and increased intestinal transit time with gastric stasis.

Other common consequences are delayed puberty, __________, menstrual irregularities, and infertility.

Additionally, hypothyroidism can cause ______ levels of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, and _______ insulin resistance

What is the MNT for hypothyroidism?