The respiratory system

Nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

the movement of gas particles from an area of high concentration(partial pressure) to an area of low concentration (partial pressure)

the movement of oxygen from the air into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air

- Responsible for exchange of gasses between air and blood, which occurs via diffusion. structure- Large surface area, one cell thic, and good blood supply

The greater the difference in pressure, the faster air will flow in. this means that in order to inspire, the pressure needs to be lower in the lungs than in the atmosphere. to Expire, the pressure needs to be lower in the atmosphere than in the lungs

increase- it will reduce the pressure of air in the lungs. Deacrease- increase the pressure of air in the lungs. the contraction of muscles causes these pressure changes.

the external intercostal muscles contract moving the rib cage up and out. the diaphgram contracts, moves down and flatterns, decreasing the pressure in the lungs forcing air in.

the external intercostal muscles relax moving the ribcage down and in, the diaphgram relaxes, rises and returns to its dome shape. increasing the lung pressure, therefore forcing air out

volume of air breathed in or out per breath

volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath

volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath

the volume of air inspired or expired per minute. equation: number of breaths(pert min) x tidal volume

the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

-Tidal volume increases. -inspiritory reserve volume decreases. -Expiritory reserve volume slightly decreases. -Residual volume stays the same. -minute ventilation massivley increases

a device thats used to measure the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs

-getting oxygen into the lungs, so it can be diffused into the blood and be transported to cells. -removal of carbon dioxidefrom the blood.

the pressure exerted by an individual gas when it exists in a mixture of gasses

the PP of oxygen is higher in the alveoli (100mmHg) than in the capillary blood vessels(40mmHg). this is because oxygen has been removed by the working muscles and the concentration is lower. the differenceis PP causes the diffusion gradient to be higher, causing diffusion to be quicker. oxygen will diffuse from alveoli to blood until the pressure is equal.

- neural control, -hormonal control, chemical control

-involves the brain and nervous system, -chemical control is concerned with blood acidity. -work together as a team to regulate breathing. -when blood acidity is high, the brain is informed and it sends an impulse through the nervous system to increase breathing. pulminary ventilation is breathing and the nervous system controls this automatically therough the sympathetic and parasympathetic system.

inspiration- receptor-->medulla-->phrenic nerve--> diaphragm and external intercostals. expiration-receptor-->medulla-->intercostal nerve-->abdominals and internal intercostals

adrenaline causes the anticipatory rise prior to exercise

it can cause irritation of the trachea and bronchi. it reduces lung function and increases breathlessness by swelling and narroing the lungs airways

the cells lining the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. when they are damaged, excess mucus to build up in the lung passages which lead to a smokers cough

their walls breakdown and join together forming larger airspaces than normal. this redues the efficiency of gaseous exchange and increases the rick of COPD

the carbon monoxide from cigarettes combines with haemoglobin in RBC more readily than oxygen, reducing the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood which increases breathlessness during exercise