nu4112 UCC

Group of diseases with uncontrolled cell growth and spread

Neoplasm or new abnormal cell growth

Tumors with invasive characteristics

Non-invasive tumors with normal characteristics

Genes promoting cell growth

Genes inhibiting cell division

Genes maintaining DNA integrity

Proposes infectious agents as primary cancer causes

Loss of cell differentiation in cancer

Starts with genetic mutation in a cell

Abnormal cells infiltrate tissues

Varies from hours to months based on tumor type

Cancer cells lose normal cell appearance and function

Initiation

Cancer of epithelial origin

Cancer of supportive tissues like bones or muscles

Cancer of lymphatic system glands or nodes

Deaths attributed to cancer in a defined time and population

Newly diagnosed cancer cases in a specified population

Measurement of all cancer cases at a specific time

Studies disease distribution

Observes cancer patients' survival probabilities over time

Percentage of cancer patients alive 5 years post-diagnosis

Linked to reduced cancer rates in the US

Significant risk factor for cancer

Increases cancer risk

Alcohol increases risk for cancers of mouth

Can lead to DNA damage and cancer

Linked to various cancers

Obesity increases cancer risks in various organs

Includes alcohol

Includes radon

Infections like HBV

Genes control cell function

Different cancers prevail in regions due to various causative agents

Early detection tests like mammograms

Benefits include mortality reduction; risks include false positives and radiation exposure

Aims to reduce cancer burden

National screening programs for breast and cervical cancers

Program offering free smear tests every 3 years to women aged 25-44 in Ireland

Procedure to closely examine the lining of the cervix for abnormal cells

National Bowel Screening Programme providing free home FIT tests every 2 years

Faecal immunochemical test used in BowelScreen for home screening

Antigens indicating cancer presence

Prostate-specific antigen; a tumour marker for prostate cancer

Method to stage tumours based on size

Microscopic examination to determine cancer cell differentiation and mitosis levels

Spread of malignant cells from the primary tumour to distant sites

Transport of tumour cells via lymphatic circulation

Dissemination of cells through the bloodstream

Malignant cells inducing growth of new capillaries

Determining cancer cell differentiation and mitosis levels

Assessing tumour size

Drugs used to destroy tumor cells by interfering with cell function

Kills enough cancer cells for the body's immune system to eliminate the rest

Affects normal rapidly dividing cells

Began early 1900s

Can be topical

Chemotherapeutic agents classified by cell cycle relationship and chemical groups

Phases of cell division

Uses multiple drugs to kill more cancer cells and prevent resistance

Regimens Specific drug combinations for breast

Risks to healthcare workers

Targets rapidly dividing cells

Lowest blood cell count post-chemotherapy

An emergency condition due to rapid breakdown of cancer cells

Classified as mild (grade 1) to life-threatening (grade 4) based on WHO scale

Quickly observable effects on skin

Includes drug resistance

Up to 75% of patients report cognitive changes during treatment

Associated with high physical and psychiatric morbidity

Hair loss influenced by drug type

Effective method using cooled caps or 'Cryogel' bags to reduce hair loss

Monitoring Heart Sounds Regular assessment of heart sounds for any abnormalities;assessing Kidney Function Evaluation of creatinine

Use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant disease with minimal damage to healthy tissue

Eradicate disease

Destroy cancer cells' ability to grow

Doses measured in gray (Gy)

Tumors destroyed by radiation

External-beam (Teletherapy)

Delivered daily for 2-8 weeks

Precise radiation delivery to tumor while sparing healthy tissue

Implanting sealed radioactive source near cancerous area for localized treatment

Affect rapidly dividing cells

Injury to skin cells due to radiation

Treatment factors

Immediate skin reactions to radiation

Long-term skin changes post-radiation

Gentle washing

Varied approaches with conflicting evidence

Silicone-based film-forming gel dressing effective in preventing grade 2 and 3 skin toxicity

Effective in managing acute radiation dermatitis

Radiation Therapy Oncology Group classification system for radiation dermatitis severity

Calendula

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

Hyaluronic acid

Topical corticosteroids

Used daily during and post-radiotherapy to manage skin toxicity

Recommended for all patients receiving radiation treatment to reduce itching

Treatment applied directly to the skin surface

Comprehensive analysis of existing research studies on a specific topic

Statistical analysis combining results from multiple studies for increased power

Variables increasing the likelihood of developing a condition

Algorithm Step-by-step medical decision-making process for managing a condition

Specific type of dressing used for managing radiation dermatitis

Delivery of radiation from outside the body to target cancer cells

Device placed inside the body to deliver radiation directly to the tumor

Treatment where radioactive substances travel through the bloodstream to target cancer cells

Inflammation of the bladder

Authors who studied treatment-induced female sexual difficulties after pelvic radiotherapy

Machines delivering high-energy radiation beams for cancer treatment

Programme Initiative providing transport assistance for cancer patients

Official database collecting cancer-related information in Ireland

Specialized facilities providing high-quality cancer treatment

Measures taken to protect patients and visitors from radiation exposure

Skin peeling or shedding due to radiation therapy

Adverse effects resulting from radiation treatment

Overall quality of life assessment encompassing various aspects

New problems indicating progression and prognosis

Includes depression

Include weakness

Manifest as dyspnoea

Present as skin ulceration

Include haematuria

Manifest as oral mucositis

Include haematuria

Present as halitosis

When patients experience multiple related symptoms concurrently

Experienced by 20-50% of cancer patients

Categorizing pain based on duration and cause

Utilizes tools like Visual Analog Scale and Verbal Description Scale

Involves non-pharmacological interventions and WHO ladder for opioids

Subjective sense of tiredness not proportional to activity

Distinguishes between acute and chronic cancer-related fatigue

Factors like stress

Chemotherapy

Includes screening

Cancer-related fatigue impacting daily living activities

Procedure where stem cells are transplanted to treat cancer

Cancer of the lymphatic system

Emotional suffering affecting mental well-being

Anxiety

Common side effects in cancer patients

Treatment using drugs to kill cancer cells

Treatment using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells

Learned response to environmental triggers before treatment

Medications to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting

Difficulty in passing stools

National Comprehensive Cancer Network providing cancer care guidelines

European Society for Medical Oncology's cancer treatment recommendations

CRF affects daily activities in cancer patients

Factors like cancer

Acute

Prevention and proper antiemetic selection for nausea and vomiting

Obstruction

Neutrophil count <1000-1500/μl; causes: drugs

Includes broad spectrum antibiotics

May be the only sign of neutropenia; requires immediate medical attention

Inflammation of mucosal tissue; common in chemo patients; causes pain and difficulty eating

Include red

Process of evaluating the severity and impact of mucositis on the patient

Involves analgesia

Present in 15-40% of cancer diagnoses; increases during treatment

Progressive muscle loss in cancer patients; not reversible by normal nutrition

Surgery and radiotherapy can lead to severe nutritional problems and complications

Mucositis can affect eating and communication

Involves high-temperature cooked food; limited evidence of effectiveness

Involves regular bin emptying

Wash fruit thoroughly

Critical in preventing infections in neutropenic patients

Causes functional limitations

Sarcopenia in cancer patients is a risk factor for poor outcomes

Distinct in tumours like lung and pancreas

Systemic inflammation plays a role in malnutrition in GI cancers

Reduced in cancer patients due to treatment-induced damage

Must meet individual needs to prevent malnutrition in cancer patients

Include anaemia

Can impact oral mucosa

Inflammation of the mouth and lips

Fungal infection causing oral thrush

Dry mouth condition

Area between the lungs

Loss of appetite

Abdominal bloating due to gas or fluid accumulation

Treatment using substances to stimulate the immune system

Lack of essential nutrients like Vitamins B1

Changes in taste perception

Extreme tiredness

Nutritional support through the gastrointestinal tract

Nutritional support through intravenous delivery

Protein in the blood

Fatty substance in the blood

Severe muscle wasting and weight loss

Fungal infection in the mouth
Wasting Progressive decline in health and muscle mass

Ability to care for oneself and manage symptoms

Pain caused by nerve damage

Specific difficulties faced by individuals receiving a cancer diagnosis

Effects on emotional

Includes denial

Initial emotional distress followed by seeking information and help

Fears of isolation

Anxiety and depression present in a third of cancer patients

Unpleasant emotional experience interfering with coping effectively

Instruments like Edinburgh Depression Scale used to assess mental health

Manifests during screening

Thoughts on mortality

Levels of intervention based on the severity of distress in patients

Common yet overlooked source of suffering impacting quality of life

Times during cancer journey where depression risk is heightened

Includes psychiatric history

Strategies to address mental health challenges in cancer patients

Includes previous psychiatric illness

As treatment improves

Emerging as a crucial dimension

Relatives

Significantly contribute to patient support and self-management

Exclusion or involvement affects psychological morbidity

Roles may change dramatically

Prompting questions of meaning and existence

Assaults to body image include surgery

Involves decisional conflict

Includes emotional

Dependent on support services

Includes psychological interventions

Provides various services like counseling

Service providing telephone support for cancer-related queries

Physical locations offering cancer support services

Programs aiding individuals post-cancer treatment

Cells in bone marrow capable of reproducing into blood cells

Includes lymph nodes

Patient's own stem cells used for transplant

Stem cells from a donor

Stem cells from a newborn's umbilical cord used for transplant

Immune cells from transplant attacking recipient's body

High-dose chemoadiotherapy to prepare for transplant

Transplanted stem cells start producing new blood cells

Checking compatibility through Human Leukocyte Antigen markers

Radiation therapy affecting the entire body

Transplanted cells fail to establish in recipient's body

Early post-transplant issues like myelosuppression and infections

Long-term effects post-transplant like secondary malignancies

Emotional challenges post-transplant affecting mental health

Support services aiding recovery post-transplant

Protective measures to prevent infections in transplant patients

Cell separation process during stem cell collection

Decrease in bone marrow activity leading to low blood cell counts

Medications to manage graft-versus-host disease

High Efficiency Particulate Arresting filter for air purification

Recipient's immune system attacking transplanted cells

Stimulating stem cell production before collection

Transplanted tissue or organ

Goals include cancer elimination

Factors considered: Anatomic Location

Diagnostic

Include TNM Staging

Diagnostic test for regional lymph nodes status

System for cancer staging based on Tumour

Involves peritoneal cavity inspection and performing surgeries under visual control

Includes pre-op support

Involves pain management

Belief that body cells

Cancer treatment inhibiting hormone-dependent cancer growth

Manipulating endocrine system through hormone administration

Hormones like oestrogen and progesterone can stimulate breast cancer growth

Significant prognostic indicator in breast cancer

Prescribed for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer to block oestrogen action

Selective oestrogen receptor modulators and Aromatase inhibitors

Principal anti-oestrogen used in breast cancer management

Primary treatment strategy due to hormone-responsive nature of prostate cancer

Male hormones promoting prostate cell growth

Include erectile dysfunction

Nurses evaluate depression

Ranges from 25%-96%

Collaboration between nurses and pharmacists to manage side effects and improve adherence

Long-term conditions lasting over 1 year

Existence of two or more chronic conditions in the same individual.

Factors like smoking

41 million deaths annually

17 million die before 70 years

38% over 50 have one condition

80% of heart disease

Factors like birth circumstances

Behaviors like tobacco use

Key changes like high blood pressure

Poverty linked to chronic diseases

Historically on acute medical needs rather than prevention

Non-fixable

Reducing risk factors to avoid chronic diseases

Involving multiple sectors to collaborate on risk reduction

Process of detecting diseases early through tests

Identifying diseases in their initial stages

Providing appropriate care promptly

Extent to which medical expenses are covered

Global goals for a better future for all

WHO's strategy to prevent and control NCDs

Goals that countries are not obligated to achieve

Population-based approach to prevent and manage chronic diseases

Identifying patients with chronic diseases during routine care

Empowering people to make healthier choices through supportive conversations; Framework for supporting healthier lifestyle choices
Healthier Lifestyle Choices Actions that promote better health and well-being

Close association between poverty and increased risk of chronic diseases