1What is the basic structural unit of an organism?
Cell
2What is the function of the plasma membrane?
It acts as a selective barrier that regulates the flow of materials between the internal and external environments of the cell
3
Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?
Mitochondria
4What is the primary role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
It synthesizes proteins, glycoproteins, and phospholipids
5What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids
6What are the two main types of endoplasmic reticulum?
SER and RER
7What type of bond joins amino acids in proteins?
peptide
8What are the four levels of protein structure?
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary
9What molecule serves as genetic material in cells?
DNA
10What is diffusion?
The movement of solute from a high concentration to a low concentration across a membrane
11What is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane called?
Osmosis
12What are the two types of cell division?
Mitosis ans Meiosis
13Which cells are formed through meiosis?
Gametes
14What are the four main types of tissue?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
15What are the three main types of blood cells?
Red cells (erythrocytes), White cells (leukocytes), and Platelets (thrombocytes)
16What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?
It modifies, sorts, packages, and transports proteins received from the rough ER.
17What is the role of enzymes in the body?
They act as biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
18What is the main storage form of energy in lipids?
Triglycerides
19What is ATP and its function?
Adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of the cell
20What process is the mitochondrion primarily responsible for?
Producing ATP through cellular respiration
21What type of transport requires energy input from the cell?
Active transport
22What are polysaccharides, and what is their role?
They are carbohydrates made of multiple monomers, serving as storage molecules.
23What is the main function of hemoglobin?
Transport oxygen in blood
24What are the main functions of connective tissue?
To connect, support, and protect body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues
25What are monosaccharides and their primary function?
They are simple sugars used to produce ATP
26What are dissacharides and their function?
They are carbohydrates formed from two monosaccharides via a condensation reaction (eliminates a molecule of water.)
27What happens during the Krebs cycle?
It produces ATP by processing sugars, fats, and proteins in the mitochondria.
28What does the term "isotonic" mean?
It describes a solution with the same solute concentration as another solution, leading to no net movement of water across the membrane.
29What is facilitated diffusion?
The passive transport of molecules across a membrane with the help of transport proteins.
30What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the liver?
It inactivates drugs and releases stored glucose.
31What is the quaternary structure of proteins?
The arrangement of two or more polypeptide chains into a functional protein.
32What are enzymes highly specific for?
They are specific for their substrates, which fit only into the enzyme's active site.
33What is the function of the nucleus?
It houses genetic material and controls cellular activities
34What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds and are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds and are usually liquid.
35What is the role of phospholipids in cells?
They form the main structure of cell membranes.
36What are the main components of nucleotides in DNA?
A phosphate group, a sugar molecule, and a nitrogenous base.
37What is exocytosis?
The process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane to release contents outside the cell.
38What are cations and anions?
Cations are positively charged ions, and anions are negatively charged ions.
39What is the role of actin and myosin in muscle tissue?
They are contractile proteins that facilitate movement and generate heat.
40What is an organ?
A structure made of two or more types of tissue that performs specific functions.
41What is the role of actin and myosin in muscle tissue?
They are contractile proteins that facilitate movement and generate heat.
42What is the structure of the cell membrane?
A bi-layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins that regulate material flow.
43What happens to cells in a hypertonic solution?
Water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink.
44What are lipoproteins, and why are they important?
They are complexes of lipids and proteins that help lipids dissolve in blood for transport.
45What is the purpose of histones in the nucleus?
To package and organize DNA into chromatin.
46What is the main function of platelets?
To aid in blood clotting
47What type of cellular transport is used to move large molecules across the cell membrane?
Vesicular transport
48What is chromatin?
Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus.
49What is the role of centrioles during cell division?
Centrioles help organize the microtubules that separate chromosomes during cell division.
50What is the main function of epithelial tissue?
To cover body surfaces, line hollow organs and cavities, and form glands.
51What is the main function of nervous tissue?
To carry information to other parts of the body.
52What is RNA's role in protein synthesis?
RNA provides the template for protein production and transports amino acids to the ribosome.
53What is the basic structure of a triglyceride?
A glycerol backbone attached to three fatty acid chains.
54What is the primary function of glycolysis?
To break down glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP.
55What does "hydrophobic" mean in relation to biomolecules?
It refers to molecules that do not dissolve in water.
56What is an example of a storage polysaccharide?
Glycogen, stored in liver and muscle cells for energy.
57What does "homeostasis" mean?
The maintenance of a stable internal environment within an organism.
58What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.
59What are enzymes regulated by?
The chemical environment, including pH, temperature, and the presence of inhibitors or activators.
60What are hydrogen bonds, and where are they commonly found?
Weak bonds between molecules; commonly found in water and between DNA bases.
61What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
62What does the Golgi apparatus produce for cell membranes?
It forms membrane vesicles to help adapt and regulate cell membrane function.
63What happens to cells in a hypotonic solution?
Water enters the cell, which may cause it to swell or burst.
64What is a common function of steroids in the body?
They act as hormones, like testosterone and estrogen.
65What is the purpose of the cell cycle?
To allow cells to grow, replicate their DNA, and divide.
66What are telomeres?
Protective caps on the ends of chromosomes that prevent genetic material from being lost during cell division.
67What does mRNA do?
It carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
68What are the functions of lysosomes?
They contain enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.
69What does "selective permeability" mean in relation to the cell membrane?
It allows certain things to pass through but prevents others.
70What is the main role of calcium ions in cells?
To play a critical role in muscle contraction, nerve function, and cell signaling.