Biology, DNA and inheritance
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1
Describe the shape of DNA
Double helix
2
What are the repeated monomers of a DNA molecule called?
Nucleotides
3
What are the 3 components of a Nucleotide?
Sugar
Base
Phosphate
Base
Phosphate
4
What are the 4 bases? Link them to their pairs.
Adenine + Thymine
Guanine + Cytosine
Guanine + Cytosine
5
Image occlusion: name the hidden labels
6
Image occlusion: name the hidden labels
7
Image occlusion: name the hidden labels
8
What do 3 bases form? eg. TAG
A triplicate code
9
What does the triplicate code, code for?
A amino acid
10
What does a chain of amino acids form?
Proteins
11
What are the monomers of a protein molecule?
Amino acids
12
Where are proteins synthesised (made)?
In the ribosomes
13
What is genetic profiling?
Where a DNA sample is cut into short pieces, which are then seperated into bands
14
What are the uses of DNA profiling?
Child paternity tests
Criminal cases
Comparing species for classification purposes
Criminal cases
Comparing species for classification purposes
15
Where can DNA be sourced from?
Hair roots
Skin cells
Bodily fluid
Bones
Skin cells
Bodily fluid
Bones
16
What are the disadvantages of using genetic profiling?
The DNA data can be stolen from the database
Possible to plant DNA evidence at a crime scene
Possible to plant DNA evidence at a crime scene
17
Where does an organism get its characteristics from?
Genes
18
What is an allele?
Different forms of the same gene
19
What type of gene always expresses itself?
Dominant (capital letter, eg. B)
20
What type of gene only expresses itself if both the genes are ….?
Recessive (lowercase letter, eg. b)
21
What is a genotype?
The genes an organism contains
22
What is a phenotype?
The appearance or characteristics of an organism
23
Why are genes paired?
Because you get 1 from each parent
24
What table is used to estimate the outcome of genetic crosses?
A Punnet square
25
What are heterozygous genes?
2 different alleles of the same gene, eg. ‘Bb’
26
What are homozygous genes?
Both of the alleles are the same, eg. ‘bb’ or ‘BB’
27
What is genetic modification?
Genetic material from one organism transferred into the DNA of another organism
28
What are the advantages of genetic modification?
You can get useful characteristics quickly
29
What are the disadvantages of genetic modification?
May spread to other species
Don’t know the long term effects
Ethical issues
Don’t know the long term effects
Ethical issues
30
What is genetic modification used for?
More nutrients put in food
Pesticide / herbicide / disease resistant crops
Make insulin
Pesticide / herbicide / disease resistant crops
Make insulin
31
What are the steps for modifying bacteria to produce insulin?
1- Take DNA from pancreas, use restrictor enzymes to cut out the gene used for producing insulin
2- DNA removed from a plasmid of a bacteria
3- Restriction enzymes used to insert gene for producing insulin into the bacterium DNA
4- The altered bacterial DNA is inserted into the bacteria
5- The bacterial will begin to divide and produce insulin
2- DNA removed from a plasmid of a bacteria
3- Restriction enzymes used to insert gene for producing insulin into the bacterium DNA
4- The altered bacterial DNA is inserted into the bacteria
5- The bacterial will begin to divide and produce insulin
32
What chromosome pair is sex determined in?
23