1What are the main structures of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands (sudoriferous and sebaceous)
2What is the skin primarily composed of?
Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer
3What percentage of body weight does skin constitute?
About 15%
4What is the function of the epidermis?
Acts as a barrier and is involved in sensation and protection
5What type of tissue is found in the dermis?
Collagen, elastic tissue, and reticular fibers
6What is the role of the hypodermis?
Stabilizes skin, contains fat cells, blood vessels, and nerves
7What changes occur in the skin with aging?
Increased transparency, fragility, dryness, and reduced elasticity
8What is the role of keratinocytes?
They form the main cellular structure of the epidermis and provide a barrier
9What function does melanin serve in the skin?
Provides pigmentation and protects against UV radiation
10How does the skin regulate temperature?
Through vasodilation, vasoconstriction, and sweating
11What is the clinical significance of cyanosis?
Indicates low oxygen levels, seen as blue coloration in the skin
12What are "panda eyes" or periorbital ecchymosis?
Darkening around the eyes, possibly indicating skull fractures
13What is the "rule of nines"?
A method to estimate body surface area affected by burns
14What is the first step in burn treatment?
Stop the burning and manage the airway
15What type of burns require immediate attention?
Partial-thickness burns >10%, full-thickness burns, and burns to the face or major joints
16How should electrical burns be treated?
Ensure safety from the source, then provide care according to burn severity
17What is a critical sign in inhalation injuries?
Presence of soot or singed nose hairs
18What are the primary functions of the skin?
Protection, thermoregulation, sensory reception, synthesis of vitamin D, excretion, and secretion
19What makes skin waterproof?
Keratin and lipid layers
20What are sudoriferous glands and what do they produce?
Sweat glands that produce sweat for cooling and waste excretion
21What is the difference between apocrine and eccrine sweat glands?
Apocrine glands are found in specific areas and are associated with body odor, while eccrine glands are found all over and are important for temperature regulation
22What are sebaceous glands and what do they secrete?
Oil glands that secrete sebum to lubricate and protect the skin
23Where are Langerhans cells found and what is their function?
Located in the epidermis, they function as immune cells to fight pathogens
24What is the function of Merkel cells?
Sensory receptors in the epidermis that detect touch
25What role does vitamin D synthesis in the skin play?
Supports calcium absorption for bone health
26What is the difference between terminal and vellus hair?
Terminal hair is coarse and develops after puberty, while vellus hair is fine and covers most of the body
27How can the appearance of skin provide clinical clues?
Skin color, texture, swelling, and presence of rashes or wounds can indicate underlying conditions
28What does an increase in wrinkles and sagging skin indicate?
Aging, due to decreased elasticity and slower cell regeneration
29What substance in sweat helps with waste excretion?
Sodium chloride and urea (especially if renal function is impaired)
30What should not be done when treating blisters in burns?
Do not attempt to break blisters or remove adhered clothing
31What are circumferential burns, and why are they a concern?
Burns encircling a body part; they may restrict blood flow and require urgent care
32What is pitting edema, and what might it suggest?
Swelling that leaves an indentation when pressed, possibly indicating fluid retention