Lecture 10 — Acquired Immunity and Vaccines

Immunity developed through exposure to antigens or by receiving immune components from another source.

By how it is acquired and by whether the recipient's own immune system responds.

Immunity gained unintentionally through ordinary exposure or transfer from a mother.

Immunity gained through an intentional medical intervention.

Immunity in which the recipient's own adaptive immune system responds.

Immunity gained by receiving antibodies made by another individual or produced elsewhere.

Antibodies transferred naturally from mother to child.

Across the placenta.

Through breast milk, especially early milk called colostrum.

IgA.

Receiving prepared antibodies from another person, animal, or laboratory source.

Developing immunity after becoming infected and mounting an immune response.

Developing immunity after vaccination.

Naturally acquired active, naturally acquired passive, artificially acquired active, and artificially acquired passive.

The first adaptive response to an antigen.

About two weeks, as described in the lecture.

A faster and stronger response after a later exposure to the same antigen.

Memory B and T cells formed during the first exposure can respond rapidly.

To expose the immune system to antigens so it develops protection and memory without causing the disease being prevented.

A vaccine containing a weakened pathogen that can replicate but normally does not cause disease.

They often produce a strong immune response.

The weakened pathogen may rarely revert toward a disease-causing form.

A vaccine containing a pathogen that has been killed so it cannot replicate.

A vaccine containing selected parts of a pathogen rather than the whole organism.

A gene encoding an antigen can be placed in another organism so the antigen can be produced and purified.

A vaccine made with an inactivated toxin that retains recognizable antigenic features.

Tetanus and diphtheria vaccines.

They stimulate antibodies that can neutralize the pathogen's toxin.

A vaccine that links a weakly immunogenic antigen to a stronger carrier antigen.

The carrier helps the immune system produce a stronger response to the attached antigen.

A vaccine ingredient that boosts the immune response to the vaccine antigen.

It can help preserve antigen or stimulate innate immune signals that support adaptive immunity.

They deliver messenger RNA instructions so the recipient's cells produce a target antigen.

The coronavirus spike protein.

The immune system recognizes it and develops an adaptive response and memory.

A test that detects an interaction between an antigen and an antibody.

A specific antigen, serum or antibodies, and an indicator that reveals binding.

An antibody binds a toxin or pathogen and prevents it from causing its usual effect.

Antibodies cross-link particles or cells, causing them to clump together.

Antibodies bind soluble antigens and form visible insoluble complexes.

A test that uses antibodies tagged with a detectable label, such as an enzyme or fluorescent marker.

It can bind viral attachment proteins and prevent the virus from entering host cells.

It can block the toxin's binding subunit from attaching to its host-cell receptor.

Antibodies coat a pathogen so phagocytes can bind the antibody and engulf the pathogen.

Clumping pathogens together so they are easier to clear.

A process in which immune cells such as natural killer cells destroy antibody-coated target cells.