Aircraft Weight and Balance
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1
What is meant by tare weight?
The weight of any chocks and other items that are used to hold the aircraft on the scales.
2
What is included in the empty weight of an aircraft?
The weight of the airframe, engines, and all items of operating equipment that have fixed locations and are permanently installed in the aircraft. Empty weight includes optional and special equipment, fixed ballast, full reservoirs of hydraulic fluid and engine lubricating oil, and unusable fuel.
3
What equipment must be installed in an aircraft when it is weighed to find its empty weight center of gravity?
All the equipment listed in the Aircraft Equipment List as “required equipment” or as equipment that is permanently installed.
4
What is meant by permanent ballast for an aircraft?
Weight that is permanently installed in an aircraft to bring the empty weight center of gravity into allowable limits.
5
What is meant by the maximum zero fuel weight of an aircraft?
The maximum permissible weight of a loaded aircraft (passengers, crew, cargo, etc.), less its fuel.
6
What is meant by undrainable fuel?
The fuel that is left in the tank, lines and components when the aircraft is placed in level flight position and the fuel drained at the main fuel strainer. This is also called residual fuel.
7
What is meant by the datum that is used for weight and balance computations?
It is a readily identified reference chosen by the aircraft manufacturer from which all longitudinal locations on the aircraft are referenced.
8
What is meant by moment in the computation of weight and balance?
A force that tends to cause rotation. It is the product of the weight of an object in pounds and the distance of the object from the datum in inches.
9
What is meant by the arm of an item installed in an aircraft?
The distance, in inches, between the center of gravity of the item and the datum.
10
What is meant by a moment index?
A moment divided by a constant such as 10, 100, or 1,000.
11
What is meant by the center of gravity range?
The distance in inches between the forward allowable center of gravity and the rearward allowable center of gravity.
12
What is a loading envelope?
The enclosed area on a graph of an airplane’s loaded weight and CG location. If lines drawn from the weight and CG cross within this envelope the airplane is properly loaded.
13
What is meant by permanent ballast for an aircraft?
Weight that is permanently installed in an aircraft to bring the empty weight center of gravity into allowable limits.
14
When should an aircraft be reweighed?
After an extensive repair or alteration that could change its weight or center of gravity.
15
Why is it necessary to consider the category under which an aircraft is licensed when computing its weight and balance?
Different categories under which an aircraft can be licensed have different maximum gross weights and different center of gravity ranges.
16
Where do you find the leveling means that are specified for a particular aircraft?
In the Type Certificate Data Sheets for the aircraft.
17
What must be done with tare weight when an aircraft is weighed?
It must be subtracted from the scale readings to find the weight of the aircraft.
18
Why are the distances of all the items installed in an aircraft measured from the datum when computing weight and balance?
This makes it possible to find the point about which the aircraft would balance (the center of gravity).
19
Where is the maximum allowable gross weight of an aircraft found?
In the Type Certificate Data Sheets for the aircraft.
20
Is there a Federal Regulation requiring that all private aircraft be reweighed periodically?
No.
21
What must be done to find the empty weight of an aircraft if it has been weighed with fuel in its tanks?
The weight of the fuel and its moment must be subtracted from the weight and moment of the aircraft as it was weighed.
22
How would you find the empty weight and empty weight center of gravity of an airplane if there are no weight and balance records available?
The aircraft is weighed, and the empty weight center of gravity is computed. These values are recorded in new weight and balance records started for the aircraft.
23
Which has the more critical center of gravity range, an airplane or a helicopter?
A helicopter.
24
Where is the center of gravity for most airplanes located in relation to the center of lift?
The CG is normally ahead of the center of lift.
25
How do you find the moment of an item installed in an aircraft?
Multiply the weight of the item in pounds by its distance from the datum in inches.
26
Where do you find the arm of an item installed in an aircraft?
In the Type Certificate Data Sheets or the aircraft equipment list.
27
What is the significance of the empty weight center of gravity range of an aircraft?
If the empty weight center of gravity falls within the EWCG range, the aircraft cannot be legally loaded in such a way that its loaded center of gravity will fall outside of the allowable loaded CG range. Not all aircraft have an EWCG range.
28
What are two reasons weight and balance control are important in an aircraft?
For safety of flight and for most efficient operation of the aircraft.
29
What is meant by minimum fuel as is used in the computation of aircraft weight and balance?
No more fuel than the quantity necessary for one-half hour of operation at rated maximum continuous power. It is the maximum amount of fuel used in weight and balance computations when low fuel may adversely affect the most critical balance conditions.
30
Why is the empty weight center of gravity range not given in the Type Certificate Data Sheets for some aircraft?
The empty weight center of gravity range is given only for aircraft that cannot be legally loaded in such a way that their loaded center of gravity will fall outside of the allowable limits.
31
Where must a record be kept of the current empty weight and the current center of gravity of an aircraft?
In the aircraft flight manual or weight and balance records required by 14 CFR §23.1583.
32
what must be done with temporary ballasts when weighing an aircraft?
it must be removed from the aircraft
33
where can you find instructions for checking the complete aircraft for weighing or to perform landing gear retraction test tests
in the aircraft maintenance manual
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