Basic Electricity and Electronics

Conventional flow is the interpretation of electricity flowing from positive to negative. Electron flow depicts flow through a circuit as negative to positive. Electron flow is the actual direction of current flow ina circuit.

Wrapping ones LEFT hand around a conductor coil with the fingers encircling the coil in the direction of electron flow (negative to positive), the thumb points to the north pole of the electromagnet.

Two conductors separated by an insulator (dielectric).

Capacitors store electrical energy in electrostatic fields

The Farad

Electrolytic capacitors are polarized. Since Alternatic Current changes direction in the circuit, an electrolytic capacitor passes current in one direction, but blocks it in another.

The ability to store electrical energy in electromagnetic fields

The Henry

Xl = 2πfL

Capacitors cause current to lead the voltage.

Inductors cause current to lag the voltage.

The Watt

Current increases

Heat
Chemical
Pressure
Magnetism
Light

Ohm's Law

Voltage, Current, and Resistance / E = IR

Ohm's law

E = IR

The algebraic sum of all Voltages across a circuit must equal ZERO. Rather that the sum of all individual voltage drops in a circuit must equal the source voltage.

P = IE

The EMF (voltage) generated in a conductor is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through the coil or wire. When relative motion exists between a magnet and a conductor, EMF is induced in the coil or wire and current will flow.

When EMF is induced in a circuit, the current which flows will generate a magnetic field which opposes the change in magnetic flux. Induced EMF and current produce a magnetic field which opposes the change in current or magnetic flux.

INDEX finger: Direction of magnetic flux
MIDDLE finger: Direction of current
THUMB: Motion of wire or loop

1,000 watts

Ammeter

1,000,000 ohm of resistance

No, there should be no power to the circuit

The ohmmeter

An ohmmeter

amp-hour

A hydrometer

Electromotive Force. Voltage can be thought of as the pressure which "pushes" electrons through a conductor.

The volt

The Voltmeter

In parallel

12 volts will drop across each resistor

2.1 volts per cell

Varying the strength of the AC exciter field (field voltage)

The flow of electrons in the circuit.

The Ampere

One thousandth of an amp (0.001)

HEAT is generated
MAGNETIC FIELD encircles the conductor.

In series

I = E/R

Opposition to the flow of current (flow of electrons)

The Ohm

Length
Cross-sectional area
Material
Temperature

By the Color bands on the body of the component

R = E/I

Total opposition to the flow of alternating current (vector sum of Resistance, Capacitive reactance, and Inductive reactance)

The Ohm

Sum of individual resistances

Either Resistance divided by the number of resistors
the recip rule
division of product and sum depending on the number of resistors and their value.

36 ohm

4 ohms

P = IE

1 hp = 746 watts

Product of circuit voltage and current that is in phase with the voltage.

Watts

Product of voltage and current without taking into account phase angle

Volt-amps

The power consumed in the Inductive and Capacitive Reactances in an AC circuit

This could als be called wattless power

Volt-Amps Reactive

Kilo-Volt-Amps Recative

The RATIO between True Power and Apparent Power.

1/5 HP -- (.2)(746) = 149.2
149.2/.75 = 198.93 watts

3 amps passes through each resistor.

1 amp

The number of hours a battery can sustain a given current flow

Sulfuric acid and water

It decreases

1.275 to 1.300

12 cells

70 to 90 F

Coated with an ASPHALTIC (tar base) paint OR POLYURETHANE ENAMEL

Solution of Sodium Bicarbonate and water

Only up to the level of the indicator in the cell.

Voltage is dropped across the internal resistance of the battery.

Hydrogen and Oxygen

Potassium Hydroxide and water

The specific gravity of the solution does no change appreciably as the state of charge changes.

Fully Discharged

Low internal resistance causes current to flow between unbalanced cells, generating heat.

Large current flow casused by a decrease in internal resistance. The heat produced by this current is more than the cells can dissipate. More heat lowers internal resistance further. This continues until the battery is destroyed.

By carefully monitoring the temperatures and controlling charging current to prevent an excess of curent from flowing into the battery

Completely discharge the battery, then a constant current charge to 140% its amp-hour capacity.

Solution of Boric Acid and water.

Transformers use the Alternating Current of one circuit to induce Alternating Current in another circuit. Depending on the ratio of windings of the two halves on the transformer the EMF can be stepped up or down.

The two circuits are not connected. The magnetic field lines of one half cut across the coils of the other half-- inducing EMF and current.

Load
Source
Conductor

The circuit is complete. There is an unbroken loop between source, load and ground (return)

To control the fow of current in a circuit.

Relays are electrically operated switches (also can be describes as magnetically operated switches).

A small amount of current can be used to energize a coil which then closes contacts to control a larger current.

A heavy-duty fuse. Used to protect parts of an electrical system. Usually have ratings of 30 amps, and used to protect a single electrical bus.

Carbon composition are common.
-Carbon film
-Metal-oxide
-Metal Film
-Metal glaze

Potentiometer and Rheostat.

By the color bands on one end of the body of the resistor

The resistance of the conductor would double, and therefore the current would decreases.

Transistors are used in digital electronics to construct circuits that act as digital logic gates. The purpose and task of a device is achieved by manipulating electric signals through the logic gates. Thousands of transistors can be placed on a chip to create a digital logic landscape through which a component's signals are processed.

RAM- Random Access Memory. Short term storage of information on a computer
ROM- Read-Only Memory. Data on a computor that is not lost when the system is shutdown (non-volatile)
NVRAM- Non-Volatile Random Access Memory. RAM that is stored even when power is lost.
LOGIC GATES- Give an output signal based on one or more input signals. The input signal is either voltage (1) or no voltage (0). Basic gates are AND OR also NOT
INVERTER- Converts one signal to another (1) to (0) or (0) to (1)
RECTIFIER- Converts AC voltage to DC voltage
FLIP-FLOP- A electrical circuit that can store a signal in binary. That binary state can be changed with an input signal.

Base 2. A number system in which the only two digits are 1 and 0

Electrostatic charges that can build up on a component or a persons body. The release of these charges can cause damage to solid state components and integrated circuits. This is prevented by wearing a grounding strap and grounding the components being worked on.

An electrical schematic.

Series
Parallel
Complex (series-parallel)

Induction motors and synchronous motors

RPM = (120 x Freq) / Number of Poles

Hz = (Number of poles x RPM) / 120

Applications that require a high starting torque (starters, landing gear)

Armature assembly
Field assembly