Memory

Encoding - Information entering via 5 senses
Storage - Keeping info until its needed
Retrieval - refers to getting the info out of the storage

structural - Translating visual info from written words into its physical structure
Acooustic/phonemic - translating the visual input from written words into sounds
semantic - the meaning od something encoded

Duration: how long the information can last for in the storage
Capacity: how much can the storage store information

the process of getting formation out of memory.

sensory, short term, long term

Capacity: very large
Duration: 1-2 seconds
Forgetting: if no attention payed info *decays* almost immediately

Capacity: 5 to 9 chunks of info
Duration: 18 - 30 secs
Encoding: Acoustic
Forgetting: Decay or displacement, forgotten if not rehersed

capacity: limitless
Duration: lifetime
Encoding: semantic
Forgetting: decay, interference, retrieval failure

Decay: memory not used so its faded away
displacement: new info comes in and displaces out the older info as we exceed the limited capacity
Interference: info is overwritten (new phone no.)

PE: phenonemen about how people tend to remember things that happen first, this is because they acoustically reherse the info at the start so it enters the LTM

RE: a phenomenon in psych that people tend to remember things that happen last/the most recent
this is because the info is still held in the STM for 18-30 secs and are able to be recalled

Inability to remember information from before the brain injury

inability to store any long term memory after brain injury the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store

when memorues are encoded and retreived from storge they can be altered and influenced by many factors: new knowldge of the event, cultural expectatuions and schemas

framework of knowledge shaped and developed as we experienced and learn more about the world

to see how memory is reconstructed when recalling an unfamiliar story so it made more sense to them

The war of the ghosts story (native american folktale) was read by one participant and recalled after 15 minutes, then read by another participant and recalled and so on. Researcher recorded details of the story during each retelling allowing Bartlett to see which parts were changed.

The passage became shorter (330 to 150 words)
Bits were missed out (all mentions of spirits and ghost)
Unfamiliar details were changed (canoe - boat, padding - rowing)
The order of events were changed

memory is not the exact copy of what we hear memorues are destroyed by what we already know about the worls, memory influenced by steorotypes and beliefs - schemas.

S - uses scientific method - lab exp high decree of control, no EV interferring, direct manipulation of IV - establish causal relationships
S - supports the idea of reconstructive memory - Ps changed some words (canoe, paddling) - PS reconstructed using schemas to make the words more familiar

W - Lab exp - high control - low ecological validity - demand characterisitcs
W - low ecological validity, Ps included only Americans - biasednrepresentative sample- volunteer sampling - no variety of nationalities - cannot be generlised to explain behaviours of others

To investigate the duration of STM without rehersal

PS are shown a trigram then are shown a number on which they have to read backwards for a certain amount of time (retention interval), prevents from rehearsing the letters, after the time period is over they need to recall and write down the trigram. This is repeated 6 times. Retention interval: 3s, 6s, 9s, 12s, 15s, 18s. check the number of correctly recalled trigrams. The last correct trigram remembered is the duration of your STM.

The longer the retention interval the less accurately Ps are able to recall the trigram. If info is not rehersed it is only stored in the STM

S experimantal methods - lab exp - EV controlled, doesnt interfere - IV manipulated - easier to establish causal relatiomships
S - replicable - lab exp - standardised procedure - increase reliability
W - lab exp - low ecological validity - controlled envoronment - less life like - demand characterisitcs

Reductionism: It breaks down behaviour and says it caused one factor such as individual genes or a particular hormone.
Holism: idea that human behaviour is best explained by looking it as a whole rather than smaller parts

S - scientific apporach - it can establish clear causal relationship - held us understand how specific factors affect behvaviour
S - associated with scientific methods (lab exp) - where factors that may affect behaviour can be isolated annd tested
W - overly simplistic ignore other factors

S - uses qualitative research methods to help psychologisists gain more thorough understanding of the many different factors that can affect behaviour
W - difficult to achieve - may not be aware of all the factors - difficult to draw overall conclusions
W - unscientific - only apply to one individual being studied - low ecological validity

MSM reductionsim - simplifies our complex memory system into 3 series of simple stores and basic processes that link the stores - ignores the impact of schemas and reconstructive memory
BArtlett's study Holisitc - considers how schemas impact memory - schemas are based on life experiences.