1political structures of rome
ruled by kings -> republic
2two main social classes in rome
Plebeians and Patricians
3what were many roman statues made from
marble
4what art is rome known for
colesseum, columns, statues
6religions in rome
polytheism -> christianity
7what public works did rome offer
aqueducts, baths, sewers, trash collection
8when did rome begin to face turmoil?
200s CE
9who split the roman empire
Diocletian
10who did diocletian place in charge of other part of empire?
maximian
11which part of empire did diocletian rule
eastern
12other name for eastern roman empire
Byzantine Empire
13why did diocletian choose maximian
because he did not have sons
14wealthiest city in roman empire
constantinople
15who was diocletian's successor
constantine
16what two notable things did constantine do?
moved capital to constantinople and made byzantine a christian empire
17how were christians viewed early on
heavily persecuted
18germanic invaders and where they settled
huns - eastern europe and asia, visigoths - spain, vandals - north africa, ostrogoths - italy/france, franks - france, angles + saxons - england
19when was roman empire split
284 CE
20what was happening in 300s and 400s CE
germanic tribes were constantly invading western roman empire
21when did visigoths sack rome
410
22when did w roman empire collapse
476
23how did byzantine remain when west collapsed?
negotiated with visigoths and told them to invade west
244 factors allowing byzantine to survive
strong military, location of constantinople, strong gov, cultures
25how did byzantine fund its military
taxes on merchants and common citizens
26how did location of constantinople benefit byzantine
positioned for trade routes and defense
27what gave byzantine a stable gov
strong leader code, absolute rulers
28when was byzantine established
330
29religion of byzantine
christian
30government structure of byzantine
emperor w/ absolute power
31byzantine economy
strong and urbanized
32constantinople population
over 400,000
33where did byzantine face invaders from
arab/persian armies
34goal of justinian
to restore rome
35what did justinian commision
hagia sophia cathedral
36important work of justinian
justinian's code
37when did justinian rule byzantine
527-565
38issue with justinian's actions
overextended roman empire
39what 6 things did the germanic invasions cause in the dark ages?
western europe was cut off from asian trade routes and culture
decay of urban centers and infrastructure
destruction of central authority (roman empire)
decline in knowledge/learning
social/political chaos
lack of advancement in science/arts/culture
40what happened as a result of declining knowledge/learning
literacy rates drop
41what happened outside of western europe during dark ages
islam was born
42in what century was islam born
600s
43what positive cultural event happened during the dark ages
mixing of culture/language of the germanic tribes
44why did population increase in western europe
global warming brought grapes
45what was built during dark ages
universities and gothic cathedrals
46what was invented during dark ages
musical notation and western harmony
47catastrophes during middle ages
crusades, 100 years war, bubonic plague
48first frankish dynasty
Merovingians
49what happened during merovingian dynasty period
disunity
50 no laws of primogeniture
51primogeniture
the right of succession belonging to the firstborn child
52sequence of frankish rulers
clovis, merovingian, pepin I, pepin II, charles martel, pepin the short, charlemange, louis the pious, lothair/louis the german/charles the bald
532 main achievements of king clovis
conquered Gaul and established christianity in frankish region
54how did clovis convert the franks
he employed churches/missionaries/nuns/monks
55issue with feudalism
caused rifts between kings and nobles
56feudalism
social system where the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service and loyalty
57what did pepin the short do? what year?
751 - crowned pope, shifting power to carolingians
58when did charlemagne reign as a king
768-800
59when was charlemagne an emperor
800-814
60when was the hre created
800
61who coronated charlemagne
pope leo
62who did charlemagne send to check on lords
missi dominici
63affect of feudalism on empire
weakened central authority
64why did feudalism cause emperor to lose power
people became more loyal to lords
65who inherited empire after charlemagne
louis the pious
66what did louis the pious create
ordinatio imperii
67which three sons split the empire
lothaire, pepin I, louis the german
68oldest son of charlemagne
lothaire
69what city did lothaire rule from
aachen
70where did pepin I rule from
aquitaire
71where did louis the german rule from
baravia
72what caused conflict between brothers
terms of ordinatio imperii
734 roles in feudalism
king, lords, knights, peasants/serfs
74prevailing political/economic system during the middle ages in europe
feudalism
75what gives someone power in feudalistic system
land/vassals/loyalty
76another word for rural
agrarian
77what exchange to serfs make
freedom and autonomy for protection
78mandoralism
political, economic, and social foundation of feudalism
79fiefdoms
lands that lords would give to vassals in exchange for loyalty
80demenses
land used for cultivating crops for the lords
81what happened to western europe in 1000-1300
population and trade increased, as farmers were producing more food due to agricultural technologies such as iron plows
82what grew in correspondence with western europe's population
use of money economy, trading companies, merchant class, banking and credit firms started
83what role did jewish communities play in western europe
money lenders
84what happened to the jewish communities
antisemitism increased and forced them into eastern europe
85strengths of christianity in 1000s
provided hope and structure, united NW europe, HRE, and byzantine
86when was the great schism
1054
87where were the 5 bishops
rome, constantinople, antioch, jerusalem, alexandria
88what happened in 754
papal states (rome) became independent
89what is the present day equivalent of papal states
vatican city
90what two religions resulted from the great schism
roman-catholic (western) and eastern orthodox (byzantine)
91what issues divided Christianity (6)
language, culture, doctrinal, iconography, church, priests/divorce
92what language was spoken in western
romances/latin
93which christian branch was more authoritarian
roman-catholic
94what language was spoken in byzantine
greek
95what were cultural influences in western
various
96what were cultural influences in byzantine
greco-roman
97what religious powers did byzantine stress?
bible, bishops, emperor
98what religious powers did western stress?
pope
99who believed in iconography
roman-catholic
100role of eastern orthodox church
department of state
101role of roman catholic church
separate from state but clashed
102who allowed marriage of priests and divorce
eastern orthodox
103what did byzantine and western religions share
calendar
104most powerful entity in western europe leading up to crusades
roman-catholic church
105most powerful person in western europe leading up to crusades
pope
106how was it discouraged to speak out against church
"heresy" would silence or discredit those who spoke out
108secular monarchs appointing clergy to high-authority positions
lay investiture
109paying for higher position in church
simony
110worldliness
church was more concerned with money/power than religion
111bishop of rome and religious authoritarian in western europe
pope
112papal supremacy
medieval popes claimed that they had more power than kings and emperors because they were representatives of god
113canon law
the church's body of law that issued punishments pronounced by the pope
114sacraments
important religious ceremonies (baptism, confirmation, marriage, etc)
115interdict
when a priest withholds sacraments or christian burial (religious banishment)
116excommunication
banishment of an entire town or kingdom from receiving sacraments
117usury
lending money to one another and charging interest
118salvation
soul reaching eternal happiness with god
119indulgences
paying for forgiveness from church
1204 reasons for crusades
powerful roman-catholic church, rise of powerful muslim empires, great schism caused tension between east and west europe, desire for religious gloryiches
121what social classes were the crusaders
mostly peasants/serfs/merchants
122what did jerusalem mean to christians
where jesus lived and was crucified (death)
123what did jerusalem mean to jews
birthplace of their fath
124what did jerusalem mean to muslims
where prophet muhammad asceded to heaven
125how many crusades were there
8
126who initially threatened the byzantine empire and caused first crusade
seljuk turks
127what did pope urban do
called on soliders and commoners to retake holy land
128issue with crusaders in first crusade
extremely unprepared
129when was jerusalem reclaimed as christian (first crusade)
1099
130when was the 4th crusade
1202
131what caused 4th crusade
tension between eoc and rcc
132when was children's cruasde
1212
133issue with children's crusade
children died and were tricked and sold into slavery
134what were 4 effects of the crusades
violence between religions (eoc, rcc, muslims)
increased power of papacy and moanrchs -< feudal states in Holy Land
development of education
globalization
135how long did bubonic plague take to travel from china to black sea
16 years
136why was europe more affected by bubonic plague than asia
denser population
137 asia was rural and had less trading
138how long did plague take o spread through europe
1 year
1393 strains of plague and what they attacked
bubonic - lymph nodes
pneumonic - lungs
septicemic - blood
140most devastating year of black death
1348
141causes of black death (5)
increased population -> close living conditions
crop failure
100 years war brough economic hardship
lack of sanitation, no knowledge of germs
trade between east and west - entered through ports
142how was plague transmitted
by bites from fleas infected by rodents/airborne transmission
143main principle of magna carta
king is subject to law
144where did angles and saxons conquer
british isles - 3 regions
145when was christianity introduced in england
as early as 500s
146head of british church
bishop of canterbury
147before edward III, who held power in england
shifted between vikings and danes + angles
148when did edward III become king
1042
149why did edward the confessor have to choose a successor
he had no male sons
150edward III cousin
william of normandy
151who did edward the confessor choose as his successor
harold of wessex, wealthiest lord in england
152who fought for power in engand in 1060? what was the battle called?
duke william of normandy and harold of wessex --> battle of hastings
153who brought feudalism to england
William of Normandy
154what was england's first census, and who created it?
domesday book by william of normandy
155what new name did william of normandy acquire? why?
william the conqueror because he killed harold and his two brothers to take over england
156who were 2 norman successors of william the conqueror
henry I and henry II
157what was henry I known for
increased king's power and created exchequer
158exchequer
royal treasury
159how did henry II change feudal system
further increased king's power, nobles paid fees instead of service, king had mercenaries
160what justice system did henry II establish
trial by jury
161who did henry II marry? what was the effect?
elanor of aquitaine --> brought wealth
162from which port did the plague enter europe? when?
messina, 1347
163why were serfs most affected by plague
they could not seek refuge in their homes, unsanitary conditions
164how did plague lead to breakdown of social order
people were paranoid and wanted to protect themselves, so they abandoned each other
165flagellants
People who believed that the plague was God's punishment for sin and sought to do penance by flagellating (whipping) themselves. People flocked to them for guidance.
166what were jews accused of
poisoning wells, poisoning rivers, and contaminating air
167symptoms of bubonic plague
swollen lymph nodes (buboes), fever, chills, headache, fatigue, muscle aches, vomiting, gangrenous extremities, hallucinations
168remedies used by physicians for plague
bloodletting, potions, garlic, herbs, popping buboes
169does plague still exist
yes
170how much of population did plague kill
a third of europe
171how was feudal system undermined by plague
serf were killed -> labor became more valuable -> they demanded higher wages
172how did plague affect religion
more antisemitism, distrust of christianity
173time period of hundred years war
1337-1453
174what new technology helped england in hundred years war
longbow
175joan of arc
told king that God sent her to save france, led armies against the english
176joan of arc death
she was captured and burned at the stake, but it rallied the french to fight
177what new technology helped france in hundred years war
cannon
178effects of hundred years war
parliament was strengthened in england, france expanded their land