1What was the population increase from 1871 to 1914?
1871: 41m
1914: 68m
A 60% increase - huge!
2Where did immigrants come from? (4)
- Poland
- Italy
- Denmark
- Slovakia
3How was there a large young population?
80% of the population war 45 or younger
4What was the increase in real wages from 1885-1913?
30% increase
5How did the mining and industry working hours change from 1880-1914?
1/3 decrease
6How did the infant mortality rate decrease from the 1870s to 1912?
1870s: 25%
1912: 15%
7What fraction of the population was in towns by 1910?
2/3 of population
8What was the population of Berlin by 1907?
Over 2 million
9What percentage of Berlin's population was born outside of the city in 1907?
60% of population
10What was the population of Hamburg by 1914?
1 million
11Why did agricultural workers want to change their work?
It was physically taxing, exposing and quite low paid
12What was the cause of the less progressive agricultural mindset?
- Isolation from developing attitudes
- Rural pessimism; they felt exploited by urban societies
13How was German society organised? (5)
- Elites
- Upper-middle
- Lower-middle
- Working class
- Peasants
14How was the working class divided? (3)
- Upper: foremen, skilled workers, butlers
- Middle: semi-skilled
- Lower: 'Lumpenproletariat', unskilled and apolitical
15What was the difference between agrarian and industrial peasants?
Agrarian: conservative values, share Junker interests
Industrial: more socialist values, many had actually left the estates of Junkers
16Who were the new industrial elite? (3)
- Krupps
- Thyssens
- Hugenbergs
17How was the elite involved in politics? (3)
- Patronage
- Pressure groups
- Direct involvement h
18How did upper-class women spend their time?
Perhaps taking on philanthropy or caring for children and the household
19How did middle-class women spend their time?
Ran the home and household accounts, but would not have added any income
20How did working-class women spend their time?
Laboured manually, either in sweatshops or tilling the fields
21When and what was the Bund Deutscher Frauvereine?
1894, umbrella organisation that campaigned for women's rights and education
22How did the SPD contribute to women's rights? (2)
- Bebel writes tract on gender equality
- SPD unsuccessfully campaigns for female suffrage
23What was the ideology of the Pan-German League?
Overt anti-Semitism
24How did the Kaiser/s contribute to a culture of militarism?
Troops swore loyalty to the Kaiser, not the state, and both Kaisers used the military as symbolic of their power
25What did the Zabern Affair of 1913 indicate?
That the military could override civilian authority without punishment, and indeed with encouragement, from the Kaiser himself
26How much was being spent on the military 1913-1914?
£60m expenditure
27How was there a link between elitism and militarism?
Many high-ranking military officials were Junkers, and half of all army officers were from titled families
28When and what was state socialism?
Used by Bismarck during the 1880s to deter people from supporting the SPD
29Give at least two examples of state socialism
- 1883 Medical Insurance
- 1884 Accident insurance
- 1889 Pensions