Global Englishes

Common language that enables people from diverse backgrounds and ethnicities to communicate on an equitable basis

- Lose minority language
- Unfair advantage to native speakers of global language
- Threat to freedom of speech
- Less motivation to learn non-global languages

Jenkins 2006

Mutually intelligible language to allow speakers of different languages to communicate with one another
Alternative, not replacement to English as a foreign language (functional, not educational purpose)
Just as likely to include Standard English features as local forms
Accommodation and code-switching are common practice
Language proficiency can be low or high

Seidlhofer 2004

No 3rd person present tense *-s* (she look sad)
Omission of definite and indefinite articles
No? as a tag Q. instead of shouldn't they (they should be here soon, no?)
Pluralisation of uncountable nouns (informations, staffs)

Dispersal/spreading out from a central reference point

Jenkins 2015

Migration from UK to North America, Australia and New Zealand
English established as mother tongue

During 18th and 19th century
Colonisation to Nigeria, Kenya, India etc.
Led to development of second-language varieties (new Englishes)

Sit and seat sound similar in Nigerian English
th in that and though = f and v
Rhotic accent prestigious in USA but working class in UK

Post-vocalic R
Slow
Fewer consonants
Chipmunk = *ground squirrel*
Bag = *sac*

Louder
Uptalk

Don't pronounce t

Flat sounds

Pilgrimage from West Country in UK in 17th C for religious freedom

Scotland
Ireland
England
Spain

Wanted to remain individual (identity)

I could care less
Least worst option
Can I get
Math
My bad

Social media
Franchises (KFC, Starbucks etc.)

Engles
Conforming to the dominant country is boring

Why replace words we already have

Useful for new words
Easier and more simple

2 different language spoken by different communities and a mutually intelligible language is formed which allows for communication

Language variety when a pidgin is adopted as a mother tongue by a new generation of speakers

Camfranglais = French and English in Cameroon

Had to speak master's language during colonisation and slavery

Conflict between education and cultural identity

Kachru 1992

Inner circle = native UK/USA speakers
Outer circle = World Englishes (eg. India, Nigeria)
Expanding circle = English as a lingua franca (eg. China, Russia, Brazil)

Inner circle = prestigious, exclusive, the real thing, original
No intersectionality between circles (bilingualism etc.)
Further from centre = worse?

Schneider's Dynamic Model of Post-Colonial Englishes
2007

Phase 1 = Foundation (English first appears in new territory)
Phase 2 = Exonormative stabilisation (English starts to be used)
Phase 3 = Nativisation (old and new languages become more closely linked)
Phase 4 = Endonormative stabilisation (independence gained by country and speakers)
Phase 5 = Differentiation (new variety develops its own regional and social variation including pidgins and creoles)

+ Considers impact of social and political variables

Lexical borrowings from other languages