1When was the escalation of the Vietnam war?
1964, US increases support for non-communist south
2Mauritius
Independent in 1968
3Gambia
Independent in 1965
4When did Zambia become independent?
Granted 1964
5When did Malawi become independent?
Granted 1964
6When and why was the Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia?
Aug 1968, in order to suppress dilution of communism
7When was Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence made and why?
1965; country did not have black majority rule
8What was the British govt's response to Vietnam War?
Wilson doesn't send in troops, unlike Australia and despite Johnson's requests
9Who was Lyndon Johnson?
POTUS 1963-1969, Democrat after JFK
10What was the British public's reception of Vietnam War escalation?
Very unpopular, especially with Left; proved a problem for Wilson in deciding what to do (i.e. whether to send in troops or not)
11When and what was the Grosvenor Square protest?
A pro-peace movement of hippies
12What meeting was meant to take place in March 1965?
A meeting in London that was meant to be attended by the U.S. and USSR about the Vietnam War, but U.S. was a no show
13What happened as a result of the 1966 visit to Moscow?
It was inconsequential, and revealed that the USSR did not even have that much of an influence in controlling the communist movement in Vietnam
14Reasons for Wilson not joining Vietnam escalation (2)
- Involvement not affordable
- Would cause major splits in party
- War already unpopular in Britain
15What was the term for the policy taken by the UK in regards to the Vietnam escalation?
Moral support without military support
16What was the political reception of Britain's Vietnam policy? (2)
- U.S. discontent at lack of backing
- Some Labour MPs discontent at UK's lack of condemnation
17When and why did the USSR invade Czechoslovakia?
1968, to repress the dilution of communism
18What was the Brezhnev Doctrine?
1968 policy that the Soviet Union had a right to intervene if communism was threatened in another communist nation
19What was the relationship like between Wilson and Johnson?
A congenial relationship; Wilson was pro-American and recognised the need for U.S. support
20Why was Labour's skeptical of the EEC? (2)
- Would be a federal political union
- Seen as a 'capitalist club' that would curb socialism in UK
21Who were the Europhiles in cabinet?
Roy Jenkins and George Brown
22Who was George Brown? What was his role?
Foreign Secretary 1966
23What was Wilson's approach to Europe?
Ambivalent relationship; favoured Atlantic Alliance and Commonwealth links
24What was the process 1967 EEC application? (3)
Jan: Meeting with de Gaulle
Jun: De Gaulle demands UK would detach itself from U.S. - Wilson refuses
Nov: De Gaulle vetoes
25Who was Denis Healey?
Min of Defence 1964-70
26When and what was Healey's defence white paper?
1967, withdrawal from Adan, Middle East, Malaysia and Singapore
27What was Healey's defence budget goal?
>£2b by 1970
28What was the effect of the 1967 devaluation crisis on Britain's military and defence? (2)
- All troops out of East of Suez by 1971
- TSR2 warplane development abandoned
29Who was Ian Smith?
White PM of Rhodesia since 1964
30What talks did Wilson (unsuccessfully) try to negotiate with Smith over?
- HMS Tiger talks in 1966
- HMS Fearless talks in 1968
31What was Wilson's approach to Rhodesia?
Diplomacy & sanctions, especially regarding oil
32Why was there a failure of Rhodesian oil sanctions? (2)
- Portuguese Mozambique and South Africa supply oil
- Big oil companies ignore sanctions
33When and what was the Biafran War?
1967-70, Nigeria; Christian south-east fighting for independence
34What was the govt's response to Biafran War?
Officially supports Nigerian govt, but does not involve Britain
35What was the public's response to the Biafran War?
Supports Biafrans; extensive media coverage
36When and what was the Indo-Pakistan War?
1965, over the majority Islamic Jammu Kashmir
37When was the partition of India?
August 15, 1947
38When and what was the Tashkent Agreement?
1965, U.S. and USSR treaty for the end of the Indo-Pakistan War
39What was the UK and U.S.' response to the Indo-Pakistan War?
Blame Pakistan and stop arms trading
40How did the Indo-Pakistan War make Britain appear?
As uninvested in involving itself with ex-commonwealth countries, and as paling in international significance to the U.S.
41What was the Conservative response to East of Suez withdrawal?
Dislike it; Heath pledges in 1969 to reverse it, but does not
42What was part of the reason for the East of Suez withdrawal?
Deflationary measures of Jenkins called for a decrease in defence spending
43Why did the U.S. not appreciate Britain's East of Suez withdrawal?
They feared the 'domino effect' this might have on Communism spreading, and offered to support sterling if the U.K. did not withdraw
44When and what was the Aden Emergency?
1963-76, an insurgency against British rule in the south of the Arabian peninsula; accelerated Britain's decolonisation
45When and what was apartheid?
1948-90s, South African political regime; segregation of black and white South Africans under minority white rule
46What was Wilson and Labour's approach to the EEC?
There was ambivalence and sometimes outright opposition to application; Wilson himself was more focused on the Special Relationship and commonwealth links
47Who were Labour's Euroskeptics?
On the right: Gaitskell
On the left: practically everyone, especially Tony Benn, Michael Foot and Barbara Castle
48Who were Labour's Europhiles
Both foreign secretaries, Roy Jenkins and George Brown
49Who was foreign secretary up to 1966?
Roy Jenkins
50Who was foreign secretary after 1966?
George Brown
51What happened in the 1967 EEC application? (3)
- January: Brown and Wilson meet de Gaulle in Paris, touring the EEC countries to get support
- June: De Gaulle demands Britain sacrifice its U.S. links, which Wilson refuses
- November: Veto by de Gaulle
52What was the 'Stop the 70s Tour'?
Labour grassroots movement protesting the all-white South African cricket team's tour
53Why was there skepticism to the EEC? (2)
- Fears it would undermine British sovereignty
- Fears it would prevent Labour passing socialist legislation
Trident nuclear deterrent