1Why were people dissatisfied with Church ritual during the Reformation?
It had Latin overtones and felt disconnected from everyday concerns
2What did Humanism emphasize during the Reformation?
Man’s needs and concerns
3What invention allowed mass communication during the Reformation?
The printing press
4What was the significance of Martin Luther’s Ninety-five Theses?
Catalyst in starting the Reformation
5What system did Lutheranism allow for?
State church system controlled by individual German princes
6What did Calvinism make into an international movement?
Protestantism
7What kind of movement did Calvinism become?
Revolutionary anti-Catholic movement
8What marked the beginning of the English Reformation?
The Act of Supremacy (1534)
9Who became the head of the Church during the English Reformation?
The king of England
10What event initiated the break from the Catholic Church in England?
The pope’s refusal to annul Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon
11What did Elizabeth I firmly establish in England?
Protestantism and the Anglican Church
12What was the Counter Reformation also known as?
The Catholic Reformation
13Who were the official Catholic response to the Reformation?
The Jesuits (Society of Jesus)
14What defined Catholic doctrines and reinforced papal authority?
The Council of Trent (1545–63)
15What replaced medieval political unity in Europe?
The spirit of modern nationalism
16Whose authority was strengthened after the Reformation?
The state's
17Which class was strengthened during and after the Reformation?
The middle class
18What did Calvinism give capitalism?
Its psychological base
19What institution dominated European civilization during the Middle Ages?
The Catholic Church
20What role did priests play in medieval life?
They baptized, married, and heard confessions
21What services did the Church provide in the Middle Ages?
Alms, orphanages, and education
22How much land did the Church own in medieval Europe?
One-third of all land
23What authority did the pope claim during the Middle Ages?
Authority over all kings of Europe
24Why were Luther’s ideas so influential?
They spread through the printing press to millions via pamphlets, posters, and sermons
25Why was Luther’s German Bible translation significant?
Non-priests could read and understand the Bible
26Why did Luther’s translation catch on with common people?
He used German that people actually spoke instead of Latin
27What effect did Luther’s work have on the public?
Everyone was able to quote scripture and discuss its meaning
28What happened in the German Peasants’ Revolt of 1525?
Peasants used Luther’s ideas to challenge landlords and clergymen
29What did the Twelve Articles declare?
That serfdom had no basis in scripture
30How did the peasants protest during the revolt?
They refused taxes, pillaged Church lands, and raised a 300,000-strong army
31How did Luther respond to the peasants’ revolt?
He sided with elites and urged killing the rebels
32What did Luther say about kings and princes after the revolt?
They were placed by God as caretakers of the Church
33What was a side effect of the Protestant Reformation, according to Max Weber?
The foundation of European capitalism