Five Year Plans, Collectivisation

modern economy based on heavy industry, compete with west, self-sufficient to prepare for war, NEP failings

not recovered from civil war, high unemployment

29 million tonnes to 8.9

NEP meant capitalist economy, Marx thought communism could only exist in a highly advanced industrial nation

communist insult for people who had set up businesses under NEP and become successful

GB FR US and Japan intervened on White Army side in civil war, soviet diplomat assassinated in Poland

spreading revolutionary propaganda - searched Soviet trade mission in London and broke off diplomatic relations

we should strangle 'Bolshevism in its cradle'

divide opponents on right wing (Bukharin), being in charge of a far-reaching policy improved his authority

State Committee for Planning - in charge of creating 5 year plans

34 in 1924 to 500,000

command economy

state decides what, where and when something is produced

1928-32

expand heavy industry

economy grew by 14% each year, coal and iron output doubled

unrealistic targets, lack of skilled workers, many poor quality products

1933-37

heavy industry, chemical industry, transport

fertiliser, Moscow metro and Moscow canal

despite promises to raise living standards, consumer industries overlooked

1938-41

heavy industry, armaments production

1/3 government investment spent on defence by 1940, 9 new aircraft factories

cut short by Nazi invasion in 1941

mined 102 tonnes of coal in 6 hours, 14 x average

statues and posters built in honour, toured the country

new flat, wages, rations, holiday

25% within 1 year

publicity stunt

'recordmania' was time consuming for managers, hated and attacked by other workers, pushed wages down, 'stakhanovite' came to mean pushy/selfish

size of working class increased, cheap meals in factory canteens, modern armaments industry, no unemployment

more than doubled in 12 years

Dneiper dam

250,000

227 km waterway connecting White Sea to Baltic Sea

waste due to lack of transport, 7 day work week, lack of consumer goods, production figures lied about

40, 000

12,000

average workers stayed for just 82 days

big farms, modern machinery, fewer farmers needed - more factory workers, food sold abroad

NEP had encouraged peasants to behave like capitalists - owned property, could employ landless labourers

increase power for Bolsheviks in the countryside, gain upper hand over Bukharin by opposing NEP

peasants reduced production due to low prices being paid by the state, farmers were withholding grain to push prices up

1927-28, Stalin seized farm produce from peasants to feed urban workers

voluntary process - votes held in villages

rebelled - set fire to farms and killed their animals

army and secret police

'fist' or 'grasping'

'liquidate the kulaks as a class'

dekulakisation squads made up of army units and secret police

2 million

lost all real meaning - applied to anyone who opposed collectivisation

240,000 by 1940

chairman - communist party member

a small area of land to farm for themselves

1 for every 40 farms by 1940

not enough tractors, badly built tractors, expensive machinery

spy on peasants, spread propaganda

peasants could not leave without official permission

90% by 1935

7% between 1928 - 33

halved

20 years

dekulakisation removed skilled farmers, peasants lacked motivation, most energy was put into small private plots

4% of farmland, supplied majority of produce

4-5 million

2,500

holodomor - extermination by hunger

issues of collectivisation, drought, communists seizing grain and selling abroad

destroy Ukranian independence, punish peasants for opposing collectivisation

rationing ended by 1934 - guaranteed grain supply secured

19 million

private land ownership abolished, class divisions removed