World Civ Enlightenment

Warriors who fought from horseback.

Land owners with titles.

Person granting land or payment in exchange for service.

Person who gives service in exchange for land or payment.

The payment given in exchange for service.

A self-contained community that produced most of what it needed.

People who worked on manors and were not free to leave.

People who were not nobles but not obligated to work for anyone.

The "Code of the Horse" that knights were supposed to follow.

The practice where the eldest son inherited his father's lands.

The law of the Church.

All people ordained for religious duty.

When someone is expelled from the Church.

When sacraments cannot be administered in a specific location.

When secular rulers appointed bishops and archbishops.

The Western Schism ended.

The Hundred Years' War ended.

Edward I held the Model Parliament in England.

King John signed the Magna Carta.

The Concordat of Worms settled the issue of lay investiture.

The Hundred Years' War began.

King Philip IV had the Knights Templar arrested.

The Black Death struck Europe.

Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor.

The First Crusade was launched.

William of Normandy conquered England.

Hugh Capet was crowned king of France.

The battle of Tours was fought.

The Western Schism began.

The Black Death ended.

Created trial by jury and common law; accomplished goals of an English king.

Conquered the greatest empire since the Romans and rekindled learning.

Called "Augustus"; enlarged French lands and created royal court system.

Created a royal appeals court, went on two crusades, and was sainted.

Called "the Fair"; taxed the Church and arrested the Knights Templar.

Signed the Magna Carta in 1215, granting rights to free Englishmen.

Saw the Church as both a spiritual and secular power.

Known as "the Conqueror"; duke of Normandy who took over England in 1066.

Overthrew the Frankish king; declared "king by the grace of God".

Married to two kings and mother of two kings; very wealthy.

Frankish military commander who defeated the Muslims at Tours.

Frankish chieftain who converted to Christianity and expanded the Church.

Martyred for the Church after refusing King Henry II's demands.

Excommunicated the Holy Roman Emperor over lay investiture.

Called for the First Crusade in 1096.

Holy Roman Emperor defeated in battle by Pope Alexander III.

Crusaders sacked Constantinople and made the Great Schism permanent.

Called the Kings' Crusade; resulted in an agreement with Saladin.

Launched to defend Crusader states but failed miserably.

The only crusade considered entirely successful.

To conquer the Holy Land for Christendom.

Trade between Europe and the East increased.

Kings increased their power and influence.