Chapter 14: Cranial Nerves
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1
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs
2
To which nervous system do cranial nerves belong?
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
3
Through what structures do cranial nerves pass through the skull?
Skull foramina
4
How many cranial nerves are associated with the brain stem?
10 of 12
5
What are the three functional types of cranial nerves?
Sensory, motor, and mixed
6
What is a primary function of cranial nerves related to the face?
Receiving sensory input and transmitting motor output
7
Which special senses receive input through cranial nerves?
Smell, taste, hearing, and sight
8
Which eye-related function do cranial nerves control?
Eye movements
9
Which cranial nerve function enables chewing?
Motor control of mastication
10
Which cranial nerve function contributes to speech?
Motor control involved in speech
11
What type of sensory input can cranial nerves receive from internal organs?
Visceral sensory input
12
What type of output can cranial nerves send to organs?
Motor output
13
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is associated with certain cranial nerves?
Parasympathetic division
14
Do all cranial nerves perform every listed cranial nerve function?
No
15
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
16
Is the autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
17
Which nervous system division contains the autonomic nervous system?
Peripheral nervous system
18
Which division of the PNS contains the autonomic nervous system?
Motor (efferent) division
19
What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?
Internal organ functions
20
Which muscle types does the ANS control?
Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
21
Which other effectors does the ANS control?
Glands
22
What structures make up the ANS and help maintain homeostasis?
Nerves and ganglia
23
What is a key role of the autonomic nervous system in the body?
Maintaining internal homeostasis and initiating stress responses
24
How does the ANS adjust body systems?
By making continuous involuntary fine-tuning adjustments based on sensory information
25
How can the ANS regulate body temperature?
By adjusting involuntary body responses that affect temperature
26
What two changes in blood vessel diameter can the ANS produce?
Vasodilation and vasoconstriction
27
What two changes in bronchial diameter can the ANS produce?
Bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction
28
What cardiovascular variable does the ANS regulate?
Heart rate
29
What digestive function does the ANS control?
Stomach secretions
30
What is the direction of information flow in the sensory (afferent) division?
From the PNS to the CNS
31
What may sensory input initiate through the nervous system?
A motor response through the somatic nervous system, ANS, or both
32
Which system controls both somatic and autonomic motor responses?
Central nervous system (CNS)
33
What do both somatic and autonomic motor neurons send signals to?
Effectors
34
How do somatic and autonomic motor neurons communicate across neuronal synapses?
Using neurotransmitters
35
What electrical signals do neurons use to transmit nerve impulses?
Action potentials
36
What is the main voluntary difference between somatic motor and autonomic motor divisions?
Somatic motor is mostly voluntary; ANS motor is involuntary
37
What is the primary effector of the somatic motor division?
Skeletal muscle
38
Which effectors are controlled by the autonomic motor division?
Organs, glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
39
What can differ between somatic and autonomic motor responses?
Neurotransmitters, receptors, and how the response is propagated
40
How many motor neurons does the ANS typically use to transmit signals to an effector?
Two
41
Where do autonomic motor neurons synapse?
At an autonomic ganglion
42
What is a preganglionic neuron?
A neuron whose cell body is in the CNS and whose axon terminal reaches an autonomic ganglion
43
Where is the cell body of a preganglionic neuron located?
In the CNS
44
Where does a preganglionic neuron's axon terminal end?
In an autonomic ganglion
45
What is a postganglionic neuron?
A neuron whose cell body is in an autonomic ganglion and whose axon terminal reaches a target effector
46
Where is the cell body of a postganglionic neuron located?
In an autonomic ganglion
47
Where does a postganglionic neuron's axon terminal end?
At the target effector
48
What are three key features used to compare sympathetic and parasympathetic organization?
Preganglionic neuron origins, autonomic ganglion locations, and dual innervation
49
Where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons originate?
Craniosacral regions
50
Where do parasympathetic ganglia generally lie relative to their target effectors?
Near the target effectors
51
What does dual innervation mean in the ANS?
The same effector receives input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
52
What general state is associated with the parasympathetic division?
Rest and digest
53
When is the parasympathetic division most active?
During normal, non-stressful activities
54
What are the main purposes of parasympathetic activity?
Conserving energy, digesting food, and eliminating wastes
55
What is cranial outflow in the ANS?
Parasympathetic output carried by cranial nerves
56
What is sacral outflow in the ANS?
Parasympathetic output carried by sacral nerves
57
Which nervous system division is associated with fight-or-flight responses?
Sympathetic division
58
What happens to the pupils during sympathetic activation?
They dilate
59
How does sympathetic activation affect heart rate?
It increases heart rate
60
During fight-or-flight, where is blood flow generally redirected?
Toward skeletal muscles and lungs and away from the gastrointestinal tract
61
Does sympathetic activation always cause vasoconstriction?
No, it can cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation depending on the target effector
62
Why can sympathetic responses be coordinated and rapid?
Sympathetic ganglia are closely positioned in a sympathetic ganglion chain
63
What is another name for the sympathetic ganglion chain?
Sympathetic chain
64
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on an effector receiving dual innervation?
It can produce a response different from parasympathetic stimulation
65
Why can sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation produce different effector responses?
They use different neurotransmitters at their postganglionic terminals
66
Which neurotransmitter do sympathetic preganglionic neurons release?
Acetylcholine
67
Which neurotransmitter do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release?
Acetylcholine
68
Which neurotransmitter do most sympathetic postganglionic neurons release?
Norepinephrine
69
Which neurotransmitter do parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release?
Acetylcholine
70
Which neurotransmitter is released by sympathetic preganglionic axon terminals?
- Acetylcholine
- Norepinephrine
- Epinephrine
71
Which neurotransmitter is released by parasympathetic preganglionic axon terminals?
- Acetylcholine
- Norepinephrine
- Epinephrine
72
Which neurotransmitter is typically released by sympathetic postganglionic axon terminals?
Norepinephrine
73
Which neurotransmitter is released by parasympathetic postganglionic axon terminals?
Acetylcholine
74
Which endocrine organ also plays a major role in the sympathetic nervous system?
Adrenal gland
75
How do endocrine glands release hormones?
Directly into the bloodstream
76
Where is the adrenal medulla located?
In the inner region of the adrenal gland
77
Which part of the adrenal gland is a major component of the sympathetic response?
Adrenal medulla
78
What type of neuron does the adrenal medulla contain?
Modified sympathetic postganglionic neurons
79
What does the adrenal medulla release when stimulated?
Large quantities of epinephrine and norepinephrine
80
Into what do adrenal medullary hormones enter?
The bloodstream
81
What common expression describes the effects of epinephrine release?
A rush of adrenaline
82
What two body systems are linked by the adrenal medulla?
Nervous and endocrine systems
83
Which structures mediate the short-term and long-term stress response?
Hypothalamus and adrenal gland
84
What is a visceral reflex arc?
A reflex pathway involving visceral sensory input, integration, and visceral motor output
85
What are the three basic stages of a visceral reflex arc?
Visceral sensory input, integration, and visceral motor output
86
What triggers the defecation reflex?
Stretching of the rectum
87
What does rectal stretching cause during the defecation reflex?
Smooth muscle contractions
88
What triggers the micturition reflex?
Stretching of the bladder
89
What does bladder stretching cause during the micturition reflex?
Smooth muscle contractions
90
What does the baroreceptor reflex monitor?
Blood pressure
91
Where are baroreceptors involved in the described reflex located?
In the carotid artery
92
What happens to heart rate when increased blood pressure is detected by the baroreceptor reflex?
Heart rate slows
93
What is the effect of the baroreceptor reflex on blood pressure?
It helps lower blood pressure
94
Which CNS region contains visceral reflex centers for urination and defecation?
Spinal cord
95
Which CNS region contains reflex centers that regulate heart rate and respiratory rate?
Brain stem
96
Which brain stem structure contains reflex centers for heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood vessel diameter?
Medulla
97
What does the medulla regulate through autonomic reflex centers?
Heart rate, respiratory rate, and vasoconstriction or vasodilation
98
What is the main regulator of the autonomic nervous system?
Hypothalamus
99
What types of information does the hypothalamus receive to regulate the ANS?
Sensory information from the environment, viscera, and blood
100
What responses can the hypothalamus initiate?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic responses
101
Which CNS region can influence the ANS through conscious control?
Cerebral cortex
102
How can the cerebral cortex influence defecation?
By allowing conscious control over the urge to defecate
103
How can meditation and breathing exercises affect the ANS?
They can stimulate the parasympathetic division
104
Which nerve is stimulated by meditation and breathing exercises to influence parasympathetic activity?
Vagus nerve
105
What autonomic response can talking about scary experiences induce?
Sympathetic activation
106
What are the two main autonomic responses to stress?
Short-term and long-term stress responses
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