Pathology Notes: Atrophy and Hypertrophy

decrease in cell size

increase in cell size and tissue mass

increase in the number of the cells in a tissue or organ

one adult cell type replaces another cell type ( chronic irritation

deranged cellular growth that result in cell change in size, shape, and organization (pre cancerous potential but not cancerous. precursors

lipids, proteins, pigments

Metabolic products—glycogen, lipids

pigments

trauma, heat and cold, electricity

ionizing, ultra violet, nonionizing

drugs, lead, mercury

bacteria, viruses, parasites

fats, minerals, vitamins, amino acids

soma/cell bodies, dendrites, axons
afferent, interneurons, efferent

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart. striated

visceral muscle

striated and voluntary

transmits electrochemical impulses

depletion or POWER FALIURE

-less ATP is produced
-Na+/K+ ATPase decreases --> increased intracellular sodium --> cell swells with water

Lactic Acid Produced
-Acid damages cell membranes, intracellular structures, and DNA

Extrinsic (death receptor) or intrinsic pathways

Turn on intracellular enzymes: caspases

DNA and cellular fragmentation

apoptosis or "cell suicide"
physiologic: restructures tissues during development, replaces cells, immune function
pathologic

-Unregulated death caused by injuries to cells
-Cells swell and rupture
Inflammation results
-liquefaction, coagulation, caseous necrosis
-infarction

lack of arterial blood supply but venous flow can carry fluid out of tissue, tissue tends to coagulate
- dry,shrinks,skin wrinkles, dark brownlack

lack of venous flow lets fluid accumulate in tissue

Clostridium infection. Hydrogen sulfide bubbles in muscle

homozygous

recessive

you are heterozygous

dominant

carrier

sex linked

autosomes

non-sex chromosomes

recessive, dominant and penetrance

translocation

chromosomal alteration where no genetic material is actually lost ( chromosome parts are exchanges) so the offspring are usually normal. offspring are translocation carriers, so their may or may not be normal

Abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell 45,47,46

Turner syndrome, deletion of the x chromosome, only in females

extra x chromosome xxy ex. klinefelters syndrome

3 chromosomes at gene 21, down syndrome

tissue with high energy needs

a parasite which is most commonly transmitted from animals to humans by contact with contaminated feces

gas, the only type of gangrene that causes crepitus is gas gangrene. gas produced by clostridium

DNA at the tips of chromosomes

false

-Occurs when Na+ moves into the cells, when k+ leaves the cell- more positive inside the cell (depolarization) -It becomes less positive (more negative) repolarization.

simple, stratified, pseudostratified

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

exocrine and endocrine glands

to form new growth , cells do not die off ( apoptosis) to keep the number of total cells constant

well-differentiated cells with uncontrolled growth

less differentiated,"CANCER", cells often do not mature normally ( differentiate) to do the job the tissue is supposed to do

tissue name + "-oma" ex adenoma

epithelial tissue name + "carcinoma"
glandular tissue + "adenocarcinoma"
mesenchymal tissue name + "sarcoma

infiltrate, invade or metastasize
slowly grows
can damage nearby oragns by compressing them

grow rapidly
lack capsules- sends "legs" into surrounding tissue, the word cancer means "crab" based on these legs

- In the mitochondria
- Carbon-containing nutrients + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + ATP
- Citric acid cycle + electron transport system
- Produces 32 to 38 ATP moleculeslucose molecule

aerobic energy metabolism

passive process

semiperemable membrane

they will burst

it gets shorter

copies of a gene

homozygous

recessive

you are heterozgous

dominant

carrier

sex-linked

autosomal

true

false

true

diminishes ATP production

false its already dead tissue

Gas

translocation

the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell

Turner syndrome ( deletion of X chromosome, only in female

extra x chromosome XXY ex . Klinefelters syndrome

3 chromosomes at the gene 21 down syndrome

false

insult/mutagenic hits