1How does temperature influence enzyme activity?
Increased temperature speeds up enzyme-controlled reactions
2What happens to enzyme activity as temperature increases?
It increases due to more kinetic energy
3What occurs if the temperature rises too much?
The enzyme may denature and stop functioning
4What happens to enzyme molecules when temperature rises?
They vibrate more
5What occurs when the temperature exceeds a certain level?
Bonds holding the enzyme's shape break
6What does it mean when an enzyme is denatured?
It no longer functions as a catalyst
7What is the optimum pH value for most human enzymes?
pH 7
8What is the optimum pH for pepsin?
pH 2
9How do H+ and OH- ions affect enzyme activity?
They can disrupt ionic and hydrogen bonds in the enzyme
10What is the effect of increasing enzyme concentration?
It increases the rate of reaction until substrate becomes limiting
11What happens when substrate concentration is limited?
Adding more enzyme has no further effect
12How does substrate concentration affect reaction rate?
Higher substrate concentration increases the reaction rate up to a saturation point
13What happens at the saturation point?
All active sites are full, and adding more substrate makes no difference
14What happens to substrate concentration over time during a reaction?
It decreases unless more substrate is added
15What can inhibit enzyme activity?
Enzyme inhibitors
16What are the two types of enzyme inhibition?
Competitive and non-competitive inhibition
17How do competitive inhibitors work?
They compete with substrate molecules for the active site
18What happens when a competitive inhibitor binds to an active site?
It blocks the active site, preventing substrate binding
19What determines how much an enzyme is inhibited by a competitive inhibitor?
The relative concentrations of the inhibitor and substrate
20What is the effect of high substrate concentration on competitive inhibition?
It can increase the rate of reaction by allowing more substrate to bind
21How do non-competitive inhibitors affect enzyme activity?
They bind away from the active site, changing its shape
22What happens to the reaction rate with increased substrate concentration in non-competitive inhibition?
It has no effect; enzyme activity remains inhibited
23How do non-competitive inhibitors differ from competitive inhibitors?
They bind at different sites and do not compete for the active site