1What is a cation?
A positively charged ion formed when an atom loses electrons
2What is an anion?
A negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains electrons
3Why do atoms form ions?
To achieve a full outer electron shell and become stable
4What type of ions do metals form?
Metals form positive ions (cations)
5What type of ions do non‑metals form?
Non‑metals form negative ions (anions)
6What is an ionic bond?
The electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions
7List three properties of ionic compounds
High meltingoiling points, hard and brittle, conduct electricity when molten or dissolved
8Give an example of a polyatomic ion
Hydroxide (OH⁻), Nitrate (NO₃⁻), Sulfate (SO₄²⁻)
9What does the atomic number represent?
The number of protons in an atom
10What does the mass number represent?
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
11What do groups in the periodic table show?
The number of valence (outer shell) electrons
12What do periods in the periodic table show?
The number of electron shells
13Who arranged the periodic table by atomic weight and left gaps?
Dmitri Mendeleev
14Who rearranged the periodic table by atomic number?
Henry Moseley
15What is phototropism?
The growth of a plant towards light
16What is hydrotropism?
The growth of plant roots towards water
17What is an ectotherm?
An animal whose body temperature depends on the environment
18What is an endotherm?
An animal that regulates its own body temperature internally
19What is a stimulus?
A change in the environment that causes a response
20What is a receptor?
A structure that detects a stimulus
21What does the CNS consist of?
The brain and spinal cord
22What does the PNS consist of?
All the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
23What is the function of the frontal lobe?
Reasoning, movement, emotions, problem solving
24What is the function of the occipital lobe?
Vision
25What is the function of the temporal lobe?
Hearing and smell recognition
26What is the function of the parietal lobe?
Processing senses such as touch, pain, pressure, temperature
27What is the role of sensory neurons?
Carry information from receptors to the CNS
28What is the role of motor neurons?
Carry information from the CNS to muscles or glands
29What is the role of interneurons?
Link sensory and motor neurons
30What is conduction?
Heat transfer by direct contact between particles
31What is convection?
Heat transfer by movement of fluids (liquids or gases)
32What is radiation?
Heat transfer by electromagnetic waves without matter
33State the heat energy formula
Q = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change
34State Ohm’s Law
Voltage = Current × Resistance
35State the formula for power
Power = Voltage × Current
36State the formula for electrical energy
Energy = Voltage × Current × Time
37State the formula for efficiency
Efficiency (%) = (Useful energy output ÷ Total energy input) × 100
38What is the role of a fuse?
To melt and break the circuit if current is too high
39What is the role of a circuit breaker?
To automatically switch off the circuit if current is too high
40What is homeostasis?
The process of maintaining a stable internal environment
41Which hormone lowers blood sugar?
Insulin
42Which hormone raises blood sugar?
Glucagon