1photosynthesis
performed by plants, algae, and cyanobacteria; captures solar energy and converts it to chemical energy as a carbohydrate
2What gases are exchanged through the leaf?
oxygen and carbon dioxide; they diffuse into mesophyll cells and then into chloroplasts
3What reaction takes place in the thylakoid?
photosynthesis
5stomata/stoma
small pores on the underside of the leaf; carbon dioxide enters leaves through here
6What reaction takes place in the stroma?
the Calvin cycle
7chloroplast
a membrane system of thylakoids and grana in a fluid called stroma
8granaranum
stacks of thylakoids
9chlorophyll
a pigment found on the thylakoid membrane
10What is the purpose of the pigment molecules?
to absorb light
11What is the chain of energy?
energy of life comes from the sun, which is then converted into glucose in plants, and then it is converted into ATP in the body through cellular respiration
12What are the photosynthetic pigments?
chlorophylls, carotenids, xanthophylls
13What happens when photons from light react with the pigment molecules?
The photons are absorbed by the pigment molecules as long as they are visible light
14What is the purpose of photosystem II?
splits water due to the absorption of solar energy which energizes electrons. those electrons then escape to an electron acceptor molecule. replacement electrons are obtained by splitting water through a process called photolysis
15What is the purpose of photosystem I?
absorbed solar energy energizes electrons which are replaced by electrons from the electron transport chain. those electrons and a hydrogen ion are passed to NADP+ to produce NADPH
16What is the purpose of the electron transport chain?
a series of protein carriers pass electrons along, releasing energy. that energy is stored in the form of H+ gradient which will be used to make ATP
17What molecule is split to gain e-, H+, and oxygen?
water
18Energy released from the electron transport chain is used for what purpose?
to produce NADPH
19Energy from the H+ gradient is used to make what?
ATP
20NADP+
a coenzyme which takes the electrons from electron carriers at the end of photosystem I and gathers H+ ions to form NADPH
21What are the steps of the Calvin Cycle?
fixation, reduction, regeneration
22RuBP is made in which Calvin Cycle step?
fixation
23Where does the carbon dioxide come from?
the atmosphere
24fixation
Rubisco (an enzyme) fixes (attaches) carbon dioxide by binding it with RuBP
25reduction
using NADPH and ATP a carbohydrate is formed after carbon dioxide fixation
26What is meant by reduction?
carbon is reduced while H's are added
27regeneration
the Calvin cycle produces G3P and recycles RuBP
28What two steps use energy from the light reactions?
reduction and regeneration
29What is the purpose of ATP and NADPH?
to power the next cycle, creating carbohydrate
30What is G3P used for?
to produce a number of carbohydrates including glucose, sucrose, starch and cellulose