chp 4: inside the cell

electron microscope; has higher resolution

the same cell cut into cubes. cutting it changes the surface area to volume ratio (it creates more surfaces)

a phospholipid bilayer with many embedded proteins

boundary between the outside and inside of cell, acts as a gatekeeper regulating the passage of molecules and ions into and out of the cell

channel, transport, cell recognition, and receptor proteins

form a tunnel across the membrane allowing only specific molecules through

also involved with channel proteins. combine with a substance and helps it (the substance; molecules) move across (with input of energy)

enable our bodies to distinguish between our own cells and other organism cells

binds to a signal molecule that changes its shape and brings a cellular response

aquaporins (channel proteins) allow the water to enter

1) all life is made up of cells
2) cells come only from pre-existing cells

prokaryotic cells are smaller and less complex. they have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles. eukaryotic cells are complex with a variety of organelles

they have a plasma membrane surrounding their cytoplasm, making them individual units pertaining to life

the nucleus stores the genetic information and ribosomes use that information to make proteins

they help modify and shape proteins

makes lipids and hormones

membrane-bound sacs larger than vesicles, performing different functoins depending on the cell type but tend to store water, salt, and suger. found mainly in plant cells

acts as a transfer station, the molecules within the vesicules are modified and then sorted and packaged into new transport vesicules according to their particular destinations

typically digest molecules coming into the cell, also break down damaged organelles within the cell

photosynthesis; turning solar energy into glucose

cellular respiration; breaking down carbohydrates to make ATP

DNA sequencing and position and structure. Mitochondria, chloroplasts and nuclei of cells all contain the same DNA in the center of their cytoplasm. They are all surrounded in double membranes. This is some evidence for how they all arose from a single common ancestor (bacteria)

small protein tubes which act as structural units and tracts for organelles to move on

cytoskeleton

they are both external projections which enable movement and are made up of various cytoskeleton components

cilia move stiffly like an oar and are short
flagella move in an undulating snakelike fashion and are longer

cell content found outside their plasma membranes

give plants extra support and secondary cell walls give even more support and can be found in woody plants

a meshwork of fibrous proteins and polysaccharides in close association with the cell that made them

collagen and elastin