physical phar lec mod 4 a

differentiate physical and chemical properties

examples of physical properties

examples of chemical properties

properties of matter that
depend on the matter itself
and do not depend on the
amount of the substance
present.

examples of INTENSIVE PROPERTIES

properties of matter that
depend on the amount of
the substance present

examples of EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES

is defined in quantitative terms as the
concentration of solute in a saturated
solution at a certain temperature, and in
a qualitative way, it can be defined as
the spontaneous interaction of two or
more substances to form a
homogeneous molecular dispersion

what is the USP of solubility

what is the IUPAC of solubility

what are the 3 TYPES OF SOLUBILITY

aka apparent solubility, this refers to
solubility at a certain pH measured in a
defined pH- buffered system and
neglects the influence of salt
formation of the buffered system.

usually measured in water, this refers to the
solubility of a saturated solution of
compound at the final pH of the solution.

solubility of the neutral form of an ionizable
compound, independent from the properties
of solvent

in EXPRESSIONS OF SOLUBILITY if the relative amounts of solvents to dissolve 1 part of solute is less than 1 what is the descriptive term

in EXPRESSIONS OF SOLUBILITY if the relative amounts of solvents to dissolve 1 part of solute is from 1-10 what is the descriptive term

in EXPRESSIONS OF SOLUBILITY if the relative amounts of solvents to dissolve 1 part of solute is from 10-30 what is the descriptive term

in EXPRESSIONS OF SOLUBILITY if the relative amounts of solvents to dissolve 1 part of solute is from 30-100 what is the descriptive term

in EXPRESSIONS OF SOLUBILITY if the relative amounts of solvents to dissolve 1 part of solute is from 100-1000 what is the descriptive term

in EXPRESSIONS OF SOLUBILITY if the relative amounts of solvents to dissolve 1 part of solute is from 1000-10000 what is the descriptive term

in EXPRESSIONS OF SOLUBILITY if the relative amounts of solvents to dissolve 1 part of solute is more than 10000 what is the descriptive term

only 1st statement is correct
only 2nd statement is correct
both statements are correct
both statements are incorrect

in general solubility rules
1.Like dissolves like. The greater the similarity between the solute
and the solvent, the greater the solubility
2. Solubility in the water is decreased by increasing the capacity
of the solute for H bonding with polar groups

only 1st statement is correct
only 2nd statement is correct
both statements are correct
both statements are incorrect

in general solubility rules
Solubility in water is increased with an increase in the
number of carbon atoms in the solute.
For many organic molecules, a high melting point means low
water solubility

only 1st statement is correct
only 2nd statement is correct
both statements are correct
both statements are incorrect

in general solubility rules
Cis (z) isomer is more soluble than trans (e) isomer, cis has a
lower melting point.
Decreasing unsaturation increases solubility in polar solvents

true or false
in general solubility rules

Anhydrous solutes are more insoluble than are those that are
crystalline

is an extrinsic material property that can be
influenced by various chemical, physical, or
crystallographic means such as complexation,
particle size, surface properties, solid-state
modification, or solubilization enhancing
formulation strategies

only 1st statement is correct
only 2nd statement is correct
both statements are correct
both statements are incorrect

in THE DISSOLUTION PROCESS

First, the solvent molecules and solute molecules interact with molecules of the same type (like dissolves like).
Solvent and solute molecules will spread out, then the solute molecules will surround the solvent molecules to form a solution.

only 1st statement is correct
only 2nd statement is correct
both statements are correct
both statements are incorrect

in THE DISSOLUTION PROCESS
In order to reach equilibrium, the breaking of both solvent-solvent bonds and solute- solute bonds should be equal to the formation of the solventsolute bonds.
If the solvent-solvent or solute- solute attraction is stronger
than that of the solvent- solute attraction, dissolution is energetically favorable.

A system in which one or more
substances are homogeneously
mixed or dissolved in another
substance.

is one
in which the solute in
solution is in equilibrium
with the solid phase.

is one
containing the dissolved solute
in a concentration below that
necessary for complete
saturation at a definite
temperature.

is one that
contains more of the dissolved solute
than it would normally contain at a
definite temperature, were the
undissolved solute present.

dissolves ionic and polar solutes like ammonia, and some ionic solutes

what are the Factors Affecting Solubility in Polar Solvents

aka relative permittivity; ratio of permittivity of a compound with that of free space (cavity)

more H bonds means higher solubility on polar compounds

higher solubility if electrons are unequally shared

only 1st statement is correct
only 2nd statement is correct
both statements are correct
both statements are incorrect

Polar solvents dissolve ionic solvents and other polar substances. Water dissolves phenols, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, amines, and other oxygenand nitrogen-containing compounds that can form hydrogen bonds with water.
As the length of a non-polar chain of an aliphatic alcohol increases, the solubility of the compound in water decreases. Straight-chain monohydroxy alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and acids with more than four or five carbons cannot enter into the hydrogen-bonded structure of water and hence are only slightly soluble.

only 1st statement is correct
only 2nd statement is correct
both statements are correct
both statements are incorrect

The solvent action of polar liquids, such as the
hydrocarbons, differs from that of polar substances,
Nonpolar solvents are unable to reduce the attraction
between the ions of strong and weak electrolytes because of
the solvents' low dielectric constants .
Can act as cosolute or intermediate solute.

only 1st statement is correct
only 2nd statement is correct
both statements are correct
both statements are incorrect

Semi polar solvents, such as ketones and alcohols, can
induce a certain degree of polarity in nonpolar solvent
molecules, so that, for example, benzene, which is
readily polarizable, becomes insoluble in alcohol, In fact,
semi polar compounds can act as intermediate
solvents to bring about miscibility of polar and
nonpolar liquids.
Dissolves nonpolar solutes like oils, fats, alkaloidal
bases.

what are the types of solutes

Dissociate into ions upon dissolution Capable of
conducting electricity

Show apparent colligative properties

all ionic compounds

Do not ionize when dissolved in water

Do not conduct electricity

Show no deviation on the colligative
properties Sugars and alcohols