Chapter 1 Data Collection

Is the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and analyzing information to draw conclusions, or answer questions.

Are a fat position used to draw a conclusion or make a decision

is to describe, and understand the sources of variability

The entire group of individuals to be studied

Numerical summary, based on an example

Consists of organizing and summarizing data descriptive. describes data through graphs and tables.

Uses methods that take results from a sample and extend them to the population in measures the reliability of the result

DP ER in parameter means population in the SAT in sample equals the piece of the whole proportion

One, identify the research objective. Two, collecting the data needed for question one. Three, describe the data. In for perform inference.

Are characteristics of the individuals within a population

Allow classification of individuals based on some attribute or characteristic

Provides numerical measures of individuals. The values of a quantitative variable can be added or subtracted.

Is a quantitative variable that has either a finite number of possible values or a countable number of values

is a quantitative variable that has an infinite number of possible values that are not countable

1. Nominal, 2. ordinal 3. Interval 4. Ratio

Is characterized by day-to-day consists of labels, names, or categories. the data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme. ex) hair color, gender

If it has a name or label, however, the naming scheme allows for the variables to be arranged ex) Education level

If it has the properties of an ordinal level of measurement in the ratios of the values of the variable, have a meaning. ex) temp

The highest level of measurement if the ratio scale. What sets it apart from the interval scale of measurement is the presence of an absolute zero. When measurement scale has an absolute zero, then the zero stands for the absence of the measurement being measured.

When a researcher randomly assigned the individuals in a study to groups, manipulates the variable in control, then records the value of each individual

when the effects of two or more explanatory variables are not separated

a variable that researchers do not include in a statistical analysis, but it can still affect the outcome

something that potentially affects the results of a study but is not accounted for in the study itself.

observational studies that collect information about individuals at a specific point in time, over a short period of time

The studies are retrospective meaning they require individuals to look back in time or look at existing records

Cohort study first identifies the group of individuals to participate. The cohort is dead, observed over a long period of time once the characteristics are recorded.

explanatory, variable/ responsible variable

A list of all individuals within a population along with characteristics of the individual

The process of extracting data from the Internet

is the process of using chance to select individuals from the population to be included in the sample

Samples in which the individuals are easily obtained, and not based on randomness

a type of probability sampling in which the researcher randomly selects a subset of participants from a population

researchers

a probability sampling method where researchers select members of the population at a regular interval

Obtained by selecting all individuals within a randomly selected group

The process of using chance to select individuals from a population to be included in the sample

Our samples in which the individuals are easily obtained, and not based on randomness

Every member of the population has a known an equal chance of selection

Individuals tend to favor, one part of the population of another

This occurs when the population of one segment is lower in a sample than it is in the population

where individuals selected to be in the sample who do not respond to the survey have different opinions from those who do

When the answers on a survey, do not reflect the true feelings of the respondent

Leads to results that are not representative of the population

Arizona results from sampling bias, nonresponse, bias, response, bias, or data entry error. Search areas to be present in a complete sentence of a population.

Is an error that results from using a sample to estimate the information about a population

Is a control study to determine the effect, varying, one or more explanatory, variable, or factors have on a response variable

1. the experiment unit 2. a control group 3. placebo 4. blinding

refers to the nondisclosure of a treatment that is experimental the unit is reciving

the participants do not know what treatment groups they are in, but the researchers interacting with them do know.

he participants do not know what treatment groups they are in, but the researchers interacting with them do know.