1Q: Who used a crude compound microscope in 1665?
A: Robert Hooke
No staining techniques → could not see microbes
2Q: Who is known as the Father of Microbiology?
A: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Animalcules → first microbes described
3Q: What type of instrument did van Leeuwenhoek develop?
A: Magnifying lenses (simple microscopes)
4Who disproved spontaneous generation?
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
The basis of aseptic technique
5Who was the first vaccinator (1798)?
Jenner
Cow pox (vaccinia) as vaccine to small pox (Variola)
6Who was the first Infection Preventionist (1840)?
Semmelweis
puerperal (childbirth) fever WASH YOUR HANDS!
7Who was involved in the Penicillin accident?
Fleming
Moldy culture plates inhibit growth of a bacterium;
Took until the 1940s until Penicillin was fully tested and clinical mass produced as an antibiotic
8Q: What important process did Pasteur study involving yeast and what happens during that?
A: Fermentation
A: Yeast convert sugar → alcohol anaerobically
9Q: What is pasteurization?
A: Heating beverages (like beer) just enough to kill most bacteria and reduce disease risk.
10Q: What is the purpose of pasteurization?
A: To decrease risk of disease by killing most bacteria.
11Q: What major concept is Koch known for proving?
A: Germ theory of disease
12Q: What does the germ theory of disease state?
A: Microorganisms can cause disease.
13Q: Which organism causing tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax was discovered by Koch?
A: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Vibrio cholera
Bacillus anthracis
14Q: What are Koch’s Postulates?
A: A set of steps used to relate a specific microbe to a specific disease.
15What are the 5 types of microscopy?
1. Brightfield/ Compound microscope
2. Darkfield --- syphyllis
3. Phase-contrast
4. Flourescent ----M.tb, Giardia/crypto
5. Electron ----viruses
16Give me an example of a DOMAIN, KINGDOM, AND DIVISION/PHYLUM.
Domain: Eubacteria
Kingdom: Prokaryote
Division/Phylum: Gram Negative/positive, wall-less, unusall cell walls
17What is the taxonomy order?
Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species
18Q: What happens during overdecolorization in a Gram stain?
Decolorizer (alcohol) sits on too long, strips off crystal
violet from g+ves -> false g-ves (true g+ve look g-ve)
19Q: What happens during underdecolorization in a Gram stain?
A: The decolorizer is rinsed off too quickly, causing false Gram-positive results.
20Q: How can incorrect order of Gram stain steps affect results?
A: It can produce false Gram-negative results. (ex: add iodine before crystal violet)
21Q: What happens with excessive rinsing during Gram staining?
A: Crystal violet can be washed off, producing false Gram-negative results.
22Q: How do damaged cell walls affect Gram stain results?
A: They can cause false Gram-negative results. (ex: cultures too old/antbiotics)
23Acid fast stain is used for which organisms?
mycobacterium, cryptosporidium, and Nocardia (partially)
24What are the growth phases of bacterium?
Lag phase -> Log (exponential) phase -> Stationary Phase -> Death phase
25Blood Agar Plate Characterisitics:
• Non-selective
• Trypiticase Soy Agar
• Blood
– Sheep
– Rabbit
– horse
• Specimens:
– Blood
– Wound
– Urine
– Stool
– Resp
– Genital
– …etc
26Chocolate Agar Characteristics:
• Non-selective
• Enriched
• Heated rbcs
• Specimens:
– Blood
– Genital
• Neisseria gonorrhea
– Resp
• Haemophilus sp.
• Neisseria/Moraxella
– Wound
27MacConkey Agar Characteristics:
• Lactose
+ = pink
- = clear
• Neutral red
– pH indicator
• G+ inhibited
Crystal violet and
bile salts
• Specimens:
– Urine, blood, resp,
Genital, wound