Intro to Microbiology
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1
Q: Who used a crude compound microscope in 1665?
A: Robert Hooke
No staining techniques → could not see microbes
No staining techniques → could not see microbes
2
Q: Who is known as the Father of Microbiology?
A: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Animalcules → first microbes described
Animalcules → first microbes described
3
Q: What type of instrument did van Leeuwenhoek develop?
A: Magnifying lenses (simple microscopes)
4
Who disproved spontaneous generation?
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
The basis of aseptic technique
The basis of aseptic technique
5
Who was the first vaccinator (1798)?
Jenner
Cow pox (vaccinia) as vaccine to small pox (Variola)
Cow pox (vaccinia) as vaccine to small pox (Variola)
6
Who was the first Infection Preventionist (1840)?
Semmelweis
puerperal (childbirth) fever WASH YOUR HANDS!
puerperal (childbirth) fever WASH YOUR HANDS!
7
Who was involved in the Penicillin accident?
Fleming
Moldy culture plates inhibit growth of a bacterium;
Took until the 1940s until Penicillin was fully tested and clinical mass produced as an antibiotic
Moldy culture plates inhibit growth of a bacterium;
Took until the 1940s until Penicillin was fully tested and clinical mass produced as an antibiotic
8
Q: What important process did Pasteur study involving yeast and what happens during that?
A: Fermentation
A: Yeast convert sugar → alcohol anaerobically
A: Yeast convert sugar → alcohol anaerobically
9
Q: What is pasteurization?
A: Heating beverages (like beer) just enough to kill most bacteria and reduce disease risk.
10
Q: What is the purpose of pasteurization?
A: To decrease risk of disease by killing most bacteria.
11
Q: What major concept is Koch known for proving?
A: Germ theory of disease
12
Q: What does the germ theory of disease state?
A: Microorganisms can cause disease.
13
Q: Which organism causing tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax was discovered by Koch?
A: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Vibrio cholera
Bacillus anthracis
Vibrio cholera
Bacillus anthracis
14
Q: What are Koch’s Postulates?
A: A set of steps used to relate a specific microbe to a specific disease.
15
What are the 5 types of microscopy?
1. Brightfield/ Compound microscope
2. Darkfield --- syphyllis
3. Phase-contrast
4. Flourescent ----M.tb, Giardia/crypto
5. Electron ----viruses
2. Darkfield --- syphyllis
3. Phase-contrast
4. Flourescent ----M.tb, Giardia/crypto
5. Electron ----viruses
16
Give me an example of a DOMAIN, KINGDOM, AND DIVISION/PHYLUM.
Domain: Eubacteria
Kingdom: Prokaryote
Division/Phylum: Gram Negative/positive, wall-less, unusall cell walls
Kingdom: Prokaryote
Division/Phylum: Gram Negative/positive, wall-less, unusall cell walls
17
What is the taxonomy order?
Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species
18
Q: What happens during overdecolorization in a Gram stain?
Decolorizer (alcohol) sits on too long, strips off crystal
violet from g+ves -> false g-ves (true g+ve look g-ve)
violet from g+ves -> false g-ves (true g+ve look g-ve)
19
Q: What happens during underdecolorization in a Gram stain?
A: The decolorizer is rinsed off too quickly, causing false Gram-positive results.
20
Q: How can incorrect order of Gram stain steps affect results?
A: It can produce false Gram-negative results. (ex: add iodine before crystal violet)
21
Q: What happens with excessive rinsing during Gram staining?
A: Crystal violet can be washed off, producing false Gram-negative results.
22
Q: How do damaged cell walls affect Gram stain results?
A: They can cause false Gram-negative results. (ex: cultures too old/antbiotics)
23
Acid fast stain is used for which organisms?
mycobacterium, cryptosporidium, and Nocardia (partially)
24
What are the growth phases of bacterium?
Lag phase -> Log (exponential) phase -> Stationary Phase -> Death phase
25
Blood Agar Plate Characterisitics:
• Non-selective
• Trypiticase Soy Agar
• Blood
– Sheep
– Rabbit
– horse
• Specimens:
– Blood
– Wound
– Urine
– Stool
– Resp
– Genital
– …etc
• Trypiticase Soy Agar
• Blood
– Sheep
– Rabbit
– horse
• Specimens:
– Blood
– Wound
– Urine
– Stool
– Resp
– Genital
– …etc
26
Chocolate Agar Characteristics:
• Non-selective
• Enriched
• Heated rbcs
• Specimens:
– Blood
– Genital
• Neisseria gonorrhea
– Resp
• Haemophilus sp.
• Neisseria/Moraxella
– Wound
• Enriched
• Heated rbcs
• Specimens:
– Blood
– Genital
• Neisseria gonorrhea
– Resp
• Haemophilus sp.
• Neisseria/Moraxella
– Wound
27
MacConkey Agar Characteristics:
• Lactose
+ = pink
- = clear
• Neutral red
– pH indicator
• G+ inhibited
Crystal violet and
bile salts
• Specimens:
– Urine, blood, resp,
Genital, wound
+ = pink
- = clear
• Neutral red
– pH indicator
• G+ inhibited
Crystal violet and
bile salts
• Specimens:
– Urine, blood, resp,
Genital, wound
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