lecture 10 *social psychology *

biologically humans exolve trough natural selection

DNA reserch , fossils , experimental reserch

chimpanzees and bonobos (98% identical gentic material )

behaviour is learned ( rituals, traditions , religion, norms )

**identification by humans of desirable traits in plants and animals, and the steps taken to enhance and perpetuate those traits in future generations**

e.g. cateii altoiti

the surival and repoduction of some organisms in specific environments

it is randomn

depends on who is best adapted to survive given environment

these features will gradually define the species

distributed over 10 ponds

bottom varied :5 fine sand and 5 bigger stones

in some ponds an agresive fish

after 1.5 years :

*fine sand : guppies developed little dots

*big stones : guppies developed big dots

*ponds with without predetor : male guppies developed bright colours = sexual selection

*in ponds with predetors : they reproduces younger : sexual. maturity

flowers bloom before they die

people who live in a more stressful environment have babies quicker ( lower social economy )

to what extent did behaviour evolve through natural selection ?

animal behaviour

behaviour children

uncontrollable psycho physiological processes

neurological processes

cultural universals

chimpanzees : do they care of their reputation

behaviour wen very young , children not too self conscious , do what their impulses tell them

attractiveness masculine vs feminine man depends on phase of menstrual cycle

what brain areas related to what behaviours ?

behaviours in all cultures

1. sexuality
2. cooperation work together towards common goal
3. leadership
4. morality

Brosnan and De Waal

chipmunk monkeys

equal group : both monkeys will recieve a piece of cucumber in exchange for token

unequal group : one monkey cucmber one minkey grape

in unequal condition there is more no eating and no token exchange

= fairness is a general thing

think of humans as a radio :

evolution is the hardwere : human mind is equiped to and will develop a sense of morality

culture is he frequency : specific norms are added to the brain (e.g. language )

eye contact ( some cointries is a sign of respect , in others a sign of dissrespect )

norms : standards for accepted , typical and expected behaviours

exmaple : eye contact

Patterson et al .

eye contact with a confederate

*look streight ahead

*look at passer by briefly

*look at passer by and smile

in the US most peope look and smile

while in Japan it is not as common to do so , rather avoid

US and most Europe : "ok"

scuba divers : " ok"

Laos : "bad "

Janpan : "money "

some latin amsericans : " you are an *******"

US : "well done"
Iran : obsene gesture
Nigeria : major insult
Japan : "five"

1. individualism / collectivism
2. power distance
3. masculinity / femininity
4. uncertainty reduction

how much we think about ourselves vs of "we" as a comunity

how accepted are power differences ( NL: low / arabic countries : high )

competition and performance vs taking care of eachother

US Japan : masculinity , NL Sweedan : femininity

tolarnce and uncertaity

1. anger
2. fear
3. suprise
4. sadness
5. joy
6. disgust

all of these have been found across all cultures

they translate across countries

1. eye contact
2. rest of the face
3. speech erros
4. inconsistency

less smiles

artificial smiles

more erros wehn speaking

slower talking , more hesitation

higher voice

longer tine before responding

short responses ( less words)

use of generic words ( all , alweys )

vague abstract, non verifiable information

major differences in :

gender equality

distribution of tasks

gender specific behaviour

norms of sexuality

nr of sexual parteners

norms of how long should be a virgin

women to wear revealing clothing

acceptance of sexual minorities

acceptance of infidlity

prefernce of men for younger women

preference of women for older men

cultural differences in how sexuality is expresses

Parental investemt theory

predicts that the sex that invests more in its offspring will be more selective when choosing a mate, and the less investing sex will have intra sexual competition for access to mates

men : fertility , health → younger, healthier , beautiful

women : capability of fulfilling the caergiver role in case of pregnency

male sea horses fertalize the egg

men want sex earlier then women

men want more sexual parteners

men prefer younger women/ vice vers

financial status of partener is more important for women

what is the least intelligence for :

women want more and more intelligence based on how strong the relationship is ( pregancy chances increases )

men want the same besides they prefer more stupid women for one night stands

students approached by other students on campus and asked :

1. go out
2. come to apartament
3. have sex

women respond with yes at go out the most

men respond with yes for going to have sex

advertisment on watches

cheap vs expensive

given to men as present

condition 1 : sexual add , condition 2 a mountain

how expensive the watch was important only in sexual add

sex and cheap makes women unconfortable

sexual orientation has a clear genetic basis

genetic carrier explanation

**occurs when an animal engages in self sacrificial behaviour that benefits the genetic fitness of its relatives**

selection advantages big families that include a gay person

many hetereosexual are carrier of the genes associated with minority sexual orientations

same genese are associated with other traits that predict high levels of eproductiveness