1what types of bias ate there ?
1. test popularity
2. confirmation bias
3. availability bias
4. reasercehrs's theoretical orientation
5. client factors
2what is confirmation bias ?
when we have a prediction of a study we tend to look at behaviour that confirms our expectations
3what is availability bias ?
**the human tendency to think that examples of things that come readily to mind are more representative than is actually the case**
make sure that information is recent
4what is resercher's theoretical orintation ?
the resercher looks at the specific things he is interested in / his favourite fild and not the whole image
5what are clinet factors ?
due to client individualities it might be different to show simptoms , less likey to be diagnosed
6wgat is cultural bias ?
**tendency to interpret a word or action according to culturally derived meaning assigned to it**
7what is one example of cultural bias ?
for the saying : " the shaow side of life "
negative in most countries
in countries where is too hot it is a positive on
8what are the sources of cultural bias ?
1. semantic equivalence
2. content equivalence
3. conceptual equivalence
4. criterium equivalence
5. techical equivalnce
9what is semantic equivalence ?
adventure / adevntura : spanish word makes it a completly different word
10what is content equivalence ?
same behaviour , different meaning
11what is conceptual equivalence ?
same construct measured : alcohol dependece
12what is criterium equivalence ?
equal interpetation ( experssion of diesease )
13what is technical equivalence ?
forms , asking , topics
e.g. if someone asks a second question : did i say it wrong the first time ?
14What is the Borestine actuarial prediction ?
based on statistical information , no subjective judgement
less prone to bias
15what is the Borestine actuarial prediction resistent to ?
1. scientist vs therapist
2. construct validity vs client help fast
3. clinical benefit
16what is siagnostic assesment ?
the reliable and valid description of reality :
however we cannot know for sure wht the realitiy is in regards to the perception
17what is the difference between lilkeyhood of disorder and and positive score likleyhood ?
the likelyhood that a child has the disorede whit it scores poitive ( 5%)
the likeyhood that a child scores positive when it has that disorder (100%)
NOT THE SAME CONSTUCT !
18what difference between likeyhood to have a dieses and the likeyhood to have the dieses and test positive in a graph ?
19what is the alarm metaphor ?
the alarm goes off or not but is it true ?
20what is the difference in between the concepts ?
the likeyhood of a bulgler when alarm goes offf not the same as alarm go off when there is a bulglr
21what is the probability ?
P= (D+ / C+)
22what is the sensitivity ?
likeyhood of alarm when bulgler
P ( D+/C+)
23what is the positive predictive value ?
likeyhood of bulglr when alarm goes off
P ( C+ / D+)
24what is the specificty ?
likeyhood of no alarm and no bulglr
P( C_/D_)
25what is base rate neglect ?
due to low prevalance , regardless of quality instument , chances are small tha an individual with positive test result actually suffering
26which error is worst ?
type one error worst when diagnosis will stigmatize / medication will cause harm
type two error worst wehn diagnosis is needed / medication is needed to survive
27what rule do we use to ensure ther eare no errors ?
alpha ( p value ) smaller than .05